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Patho1 > Cardiac / PVD pharm > Flashcards

Cardiac / PVD pharm Flashcards

1
Q

what does cilostazol do?

A

inhibits platelets and increases vasodilation

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2
Q

what is cilostazol used for?

A

treatment for intermittent claudication

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3
Q

what are the side effects of cilostazol?

A

HA, dizziness, diarrhea, abnormal stools, palpitations, peripheral edema

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4
Q

why is it important to mention if you are taking cilostazol?

A

this medication is metabolized by CYP450 - and may interact with drugs that change CYP450 action

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5
Q

what class is pentoxifylline?

A

vasoactive agent

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6
Q

what is the MOA of pentoxifylline?

A

relieves leg pain by increasing blood flow and oxygen through blood vessels

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7
Q

what is pentoxifylline used for?

A

treatment for intermittent claudication caused by PVD - will help to increase walking distance and duration

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8
Q

what are common side effects of pentoxifylline?

A

N/V, dizziness

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9
Q

what class is nitroglycerin?

A

organic nitrate

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10
Q

what is the MOA of nitroglycerin?

A

dilates veins (both large and small), decreases preload

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11
Q

what are common side effects with nitroglycerin?

A

HA, hypotension, reflex tachycardia, tolerance to medication (this can happen quickly)

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12
Q

what medications / substances does nitroglycerin react with that may severely decrease blood pressure?

A

sildenafil, antihypertensive, alochol

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13
Q

what are educational points for patients that are taking nitroglycerin (in general) for stable angina?

A

only take when you are having chest pain or truly anticipate having it - tolerance builds fast
only take as much as you need at that moment
may make you dizzy / lightheaded
if no relief in the first 5 minutes - call 911, but take another one (up to 3 doses)

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14
Q

what educational points for patients using transderm - nitro?

A

apply in the morning and remove in the evening
use on hairless spots
rotate sites

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15
Q

nitro-bid is what type of nitro?

A

ointment

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16
Q

what educational points are important for a patient taking isosorbide long term?

A

you cannot stop this medication abruptly due to the risk of vasospasms and more chest pain

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17
Q

what class of medication is ranolazine?

A

anti-anginal

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18
Q

what is the MOA of ranolazine?

A

really unknown, maybe helps the myocardium use energy more efficiently

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19
Q

what are the side effects with ranolazine?

A

HA, dizziness, nausea, constipation

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20
Q

what are the warnings associated with ranolazine?

A

prolonged QT interval
acute renal failure - worsening existing
CYP inhibitor

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21
Q

what juice should a patient avoid while taking ranolazine?

A

grapefruit juice because it is a CYP inhibitor

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22
Q

what class of medication is sacubitril / valsartan?

A

angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor

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23
Q

what is the MOA of sacubitril / valsartan?

A

decreases preload and afterload
suppresses aldosterone

24
Q

what are the side effects of sacubitril / valsartan?

A

hypotension
hyperkalemia

25
Q

what class of medication is digitalis?

A

cardiac glycoside

26
Q

what is the MOA of digitalis?

A

inhibits sodium-potassium ATP pump
causes calcium to collect in the heart cells
helps increase myocardial contractility
increases blood flow to the kidneys
increases excretion of sodium and water
decreases sympathetic action and increases parasympathetic action (aka decreases HR)

27
Q

what are the side effects of digitalis?

A

cardiac dysrhythmis, toxicity (bradycardia, HA, dizziness, confusion, nausea, visual disturbances, yellow vision)

28
Q

who is at risk for digitalis toxicity?

A

older women, those on diuretic therapy and digoxin

29
Q

what levels need to be monitored while taking digitalis?

A

drug levels - not peak and trough though
K+ levels

30
Q

what is the pulse restriction for digitalis?

A

hold if < 60

31
Q

what is the antidote for digitalis?

A

digoxin immune fab (digibind) IV

32
Q

what class is dopamine / dobutamine

A

sympathomimetics

33
Q

what do dopamine / dobutamine do?

A

make the heart pump harder

34
Q

what class of medication is amiodarone?

A

anti - dysrhythmic

35
Q

what is the MOA of amiodarone?

A

prolongs the action potential duration and the refractory period in all cardiac cells
blocks alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in the SNS

36
Q

what is amiodarone used for?

A

PSVT, ventricular dysrhythmias, afib

37
Q

what are the side effects of amiodarone?

A

thyroid alterations
corneal microdeposits (halos, dry eyes, light sensitivity)
pulmonary toxicity (black box warning)
hepatotoxic
proarrhythmic effect

38
Q

where can amiodarone become concentrated and why?

A

adipose tissue because it is very lipophilic

39
Q

what drugs does amiodarone interact with?

A

warfarin - increases INR by 50-100%
digoxin - increases levels by 50%

40
Q

if someone starts taking amiodarone and eventually develops side effects, how long after stopping will the medication finally be out of the system?

A

2-3 months

41
Q

what conditions are contraindicated with taking amiodarone?

A

people with severe bradycardia / heart blocks

42
Q

what class of medication is atropine?

A

anti - cholinergic
anti - muscarinic

43
Q

what is the MOA of atropine?

A

poisons that vagus nerve
inhibits postganglionic acetylcholine receptors

44
Q

what is atropine used for?

A

symptomatic sinus bradycardia

45
Q

what are the side effects of atropine?

A

blurry vission
xerostomia
photophobia
tachycardia
flushing
hot skin

46
Q

how is atropine given?

A

IV push

47
Q

how many doses of atropine can you give?

A

3 max

48
Q

what is imperative when giving a patient atropine?

A

they have to be on cardiac monitoring

49
Q

how does adenosine work?

A

slows the conduction time through the AV node

50
Q

what is an expected effect of adenosine?

A

asystole

51
Q

can you give multiple doses of adenosine?

A

yes

52
Q

what class of medication is dofetilide?

A

anti - dysrhythmic

53
Q

what does dofetilide do?

A

selectively blocks the rapid cardiac ion channel that carries potassium

54
Q

what is dofetilide used for?

A

conversion from afib / a-flutter to NSR

55
Q

what are the side effects of dofetilide?

A

torsades (vtach - start CPR)
SVT
HA
dizziness
chest pain

56
Q

what is imperative when giving a patient dofetilide?

A

they have to be on cardiac monitoring

57
Q
A

Patho1 (22 decks)

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