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CAR > Cardiac Embryology > Flashcards

Cardiac Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When are cardiac contractions first seen in the dog

A

18-19 days into gestation

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2
Q

What are the contractions like during development

A

Slow at first but increase in speed when the atria and SV form

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3
Q

When does cardiac portioning begin to occur

A

28 days

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4
Q

What layer of the embryo does the heart form from

A

Carcinogenic plate of the mesoderm tissue

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5
Q

What is formed from the arterial trunk

A

Aorta
Pulmonary artery

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6
Q

What will form the ventricles

A

Bulbous cordis
Ventricle

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7
Q

What are the five zones of the primitive tube

A

Arterial trunk
Bulbous cordis
Ventricle
Atrium
Sinus venosus

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8
Q

Why does the heart tube fold

A

The tube goes quicker than the rest of the embryo but it’s fixed at both ends
So it folds

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9
Q

Which way does the the primitive tube normally fall

A

To the right
D looping

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10
Q

What is L looping

A

When primitive tube folds and abnormally falls to the left

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11
Q

What is L looping

A

When primitive tube abnormally falls to the left

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12
Q

What happens to the sinus venosus

A

Right horn becomes incorporated into atrial wall
Left horn not incorporated and becomes part of the coronary sinus

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13
Q

How are the AV valves formed

A

Within the AV canal, left and right AV endocardial cushions are formed
They then form chordae tendinae

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14
Q

What happens if AV valves aren’t developed properly caused by
Endocardial defect and what animal is most commonly affected?

A

Mitral/ trisxupid dysplasia
Cats and labradors

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15
Q

What stage occurs after AV valve develops

A

Atrial separation

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16
Q

How are atria separated

A

Left and right atria separated by septum primum
Grows towards AV cushion
Then a second septum develops called septum secundum

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17
Q

What is the whole between the two atria called in fetus

A

Foramen primum
Lungs aren’t functioning

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18
Q

How does most blood enter the atria in the the fetus

A

Caudal vena cava

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19
Q

How does blood then flow round body once it’s reached the atria

A

Blood aimed at septum primum which is pushing the blood to the left to keep the foramen ovale open
Then blood goes from left atria to ventricle to body

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20
Q

What causes the septum eecundum and septum primum to close

A

Decreased pressure in RA and increased pressure in LA, as blood inflow from
Lungs
Occurs within minutes of birth

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21
Q

What happens to truncus arteriosus and bulbous cordis

A

Cushions of each grow towards each other in a spiral
Attached itself to the intraventeivukar septum

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22
Q

How are the ventricles form

A

Bulbous cordis and ventricle expand due to hyper trophy (expand like two oranges next to each other)
Then necrosis of cells in the middle (of the orange)

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23
Q

When is the heart fully formed (inter ventricular separation)

A

Day 32 of gestation

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24
Q

What forms the aorta and pulmonary valves

A

Formation and fusion of truncal ridges get three swellings

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25
Q

What is aortic/ pulmonic stenosis

A

Not formed S.L. valves

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26
Q

What is a shunt

A

A passage between natural channels such as blood vessels

27
Q

What is the point of shunts

A

To ensure blood doesn’t go to lumgs

28
Q

What are the three key shunts

A

Ducati’s venosus
Foramen ovale
Duct is arteriosus

29
Q

What is the pathway for foetal circulation

A

Oxygen and nutrients into blood of fetus from umbilical vein towards baby’s liver
Shunt- ductus venosus
Some blood to liver, most to caudal vena cava then RA
Then LA via Foramen ovale
Then LV, aorta and body
Then waste blood intk RA, RV and PA
Flows through duct is arteriosus into descending aorta to umbilical arteries, into mothers circulatory system

30
Q

What are the earlier stages of cardiac development

A

Atria
SA calages
AV valves

31
Q

What are the later developments

A

Two Ventricles
Truncus arteriosus into aorta and PA
Vena cava

32
Q

Why is fetal circulation different from adult

A

It ‘breathes’ amniotic fluid, so pulmonary artery doesn’t carry oxygen
Fetal blood is oxygen poor
Hepatic portal vein isn’t needed as fetus is fed parentally (via umbilical cord) not orally
Has a stable temperature from amniotic fluid

33
Q

What does the placenta use the placenta for

A

Fuel storage/ detoxification
Gas exchange
Waste removal

34
Q

What are fetal lungs like

A

Collapsed and unnecessary
Have high resistance

35
Q

What is the fetal liver like

A

Not required to excrete waste
Becomes important over last gestation as it’s stores glycogen for use post birth

36
Q

Why is the blood pressure needed to be kept low

A

Developing organs and tissues are fragile
So most blood kept away and low

37
Q

What pressure is blood at in fetus

A

40-50

38
Q

What do the shunts in the fetus push blood towards

A

Adrenal
Heart
Brian
Placenta

39
Q

What do the shunts push blood away from

A

Liver
Gut
Kidney
Carcass
Lungs

40
Q

Why are shunts important

A

Sends blood to essential organs for immediate survival during physiological stress (birth)

41
Q

Why does the fetus circulation differ

A

It’s a symbiotic parasite

42
Q

How does fetal circulation work

A

Form the placenta via the umbilical vein to the liver via the ductus venous
Then via caudal vena cava to RA and then LA via Foramen ovale
Then to aortic arch, carotid artery then to cranial VC to RA,
Then via ductus arteriosus to descending aorta
Then back to placenta via umbilical arteries

43
Q

What are the main blood vessels in fetal circulation

A

Umbilical vein
Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Umbilical arteries

44
Q

What are the structures within the umbilicus and their function

A

Umbilical vein- delivers nutrients to fetus
Umbilical arteries- delivers blood back to placenta
Urachus- a remnant of the alantois (thing before UC was formed- drained urinary bladder)

45
Q

Which species doesn’t have a ductus venous

A

Feral horse

46
Q

What is the function and pathway of the ductus venous

A

Causes 50% of blood to bypass the liver as no oral intake of food
Shunts blood from umbilical vein to caudal VC
Streams blood to the forameb ovale

47
Q

What keeps the forameb ovale open in the fétus

A

Pressure difference
High blood flow

48
Q

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus

A

Shunts blood in pulmonary artery to descending aorta

49
Q

What must fétus do after birth

A

Start respiration
Circulate a closed system
Begin digestion
Thermoregialrion
Excretion of waste

50
Q

How does the ductus venous shut

A

Umbilical cord is located as placenta detaches, so no blood in UV vein
Therefore DV sphincter constructs and blood goes to liver

51
Q

What is the remnant of the DV called

A

Ligamentum venosum

52
Q

How does the foramen ovale shut

A

Lungs open, so low pulmonary resistance
Placenta is gone so high systemic resistance
Pressure difference causes septa to close and fuse together

53
Q

What is the remnant of the forameb ovale called

A

Fossa ovalis

54
Q

How does the ductus arteriosus close?

A

DA constricts as increase pO2
Pressure lower in lung, pressure higher in body as blood flows through

55
Q

What is the remnant of the ductus atteriosus called

A

ligament arteriosus

56
Q

What mechanisms occur after birth

A

Increased PO2 due to lung inflation
Vascular resistance in body increases due to loss of placenta
Changes in hormones (cortisol, catecholamines)
Tissue layers pushed together to become ligaments

57
Q

When does the DV shunt close

A

Functional closure within minutes due to improved pulmonary clearance and no UV blood supply
Anatomic closure within days

58
Q

When does the closure of the FO occur

A

Functional closure within hours of birth
Anatomic closure is slow (weeks-years)

59
Q

When does the DA close

A

Functional- Within minutes to hours
Anatomic- 2-7 days

60
Q

What do the internal umbilicals become

A

Round ligaments of the bladder

61
Q

What does the umbilical vein become

A

Round ligamnet of liver

62
Q

What physiological changes occur at the transition from foetus to neonate

A

Increased oxygenation
Haemoglobin changes
BP increased
Enteral intake of nutrients

63
Q

What are the four features of tetralogy of fallout

A

Narrowing or valve between hearth and lungs
Ventricular septal defect
Right ventricular hypertrophic
Aorta is shifted to the right

64
Q

What is eisenmengrrs syndrome

A

Due to high pressure in lungs
Too much pulmonary hyper tensions and vasicuakr resistance so blood is reversed and goes from left to right side of heart

CAR (15 decks)

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