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Cardiac Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

When are cardiac contractions first seen in the dog

A

18-19 days into gestation

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2
Q

What are the contractions like during development

A

Slow at first but increase in speed when the atria and SV form

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3
Q

When does cardiac portioning begin to occur

A

28 days

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4
Q

What layer of the embryo does the heart form from

A

Carcinogenic plate of the mesoderm tissue

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5
Q

What is formed from the arterial trunk

A

Aorta
Pulmonary artery

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6
Q

What will form the ventricles

A

Bulbous cordis
Ventricle

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7
Q

What are the five zones of the primitive tube

A

Arterial trunk
Bulbous cordis
Ventricle
Atrium
Sinus venosus

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8
Q

Why does the heart tube fold

A

The tube goes quicker than the rest of the embryo but it’s fixed at both ends
So it folds

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9
Q

Which way does the the primitive tube normally fall

A

To the right
D looping

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10
Q

What is L looping

A

When primitive tube folds and abnormally falls to the left

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11
Q

What is L looping

A

When primitive tube abnormally falls to the left

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12
Q

What happens to the sinus venosus

A

Right horn becomes incorporated into atrial wall
Left horn not incorporated and becomes part of the coronary sinus

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13
Q

How are the AV valves formed

A

Within the AV canal, left and right AV endocardial cushions are formed
They then form chordae tendinae

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14
Q

What happens if AV valves aren’t developed properly caused by
Endocardial defect and what animal is most commonly affected?

A

Mitral/ trisxupid dysplasia
Cats and labradors

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15
Q

What stage occurs after AV valve develops

A

Atrial separation

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16
Q

How are atria separated

A

Left and right atria separated by septum primum
Grows towards AV cushion
Then a second septum develops called septum secundum

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17
Q

What is the whole between the two atria called in fetus

A

Foramen primum
Lungs aren’t functioning

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18
Q

How does most blood enter the atria in the the fetus

A

Caudal vena cava

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19
Q

How does blood then flow round body once it’s reached the atria

A

Blood aimed at septum primum which is pushing the blood to the left to keep the foramen ovale open
Then blood goes from left atria to ventricle to body

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20
Q

What causes the septum eecundum and septum primum to close

A

Decreased pressure in RA and increased pressure in LA, as blood inflow from
Lungs
Occurs within minutes of birth

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21
Q

What happens to truncus arteriosus and bulbous cordis

A

Cushions of each grow towards each other in a spiral
Attached itself to the intraventeivukar septum

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22
Q

How are the ventricles form

A

Bulbous cordis and ventricle expand due to hyper trophy (expand like two oranges next to each other)
Then necrosis of cells in the middle (of the orange)

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23
Q

When is the heart fully formed (inter ventricular separation)

A

Day 32 of gestation

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24
Q

What forms the aorta and pulmonary valves

A

Formation and fusion of truncal ridges get three swellings

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25
What is aortic/ pulmonic stenosis
Not formed S.L. valves
26
What is a shunt
A passage between natural channels such as blood vessels
27
What is the point of shunts
To ensure blood doesn’t go to lumgs
28
What are the three key shunts
Ducati’s venosus Foramen ovale Duct is arteriosus
29
What is the pathway for foetal circulation
Oxygen and nutrients into blood of fetus from umbilical vein towards baby’s liver Shunt- ductus venosus Some blood to liver, most to caudal vena cava then RA Then LA via Foramen ovale Then LV, aorta and body Then waste blood intk RA, RV and PA Flows through duct is arteriosus into descending aorta to umbilical arteries, into mothers circulatory system
30
What are the earlier stages of cardiac development
Atria SA calages AV valves
31
What are the later developments
Two Ventricles Truncus arteriosus into aorta and PA Vena cava
32
Why is fetal circulation different from adult
It ‘breathes’ amniotic fluid, so pulmonary artery doesn’t carry oxygen Fetal blood is oxygen poor Hepatic portal vein isn’t needed as fetus is fed parentally (via umbilical cord) not orally Has a stable temperature from amniotic fluid
33
What does the placenta use the placenta for
Fuel storage/ detoxification Gas exchange Waste removal
34
What are fetal lungs like
Collapsed and unnecessary Have high resistance
35
What is the fetal liver like
Not required to excrete waste Becomes important over last gestation as it’s stores glycogen for use post birth
36
Why is the blood pressure needed to be kept low
Developing organs and tissues are fragile So most blood kept away and low
37
What pressure is blood at in fetus
40-50
38
What do the shunts in the fetus push blood towards
Adrenal Heart Brian Placenta
39
What do the shunts push blood away from
Liver Gut Kidney Carcass Lungs
40
Why are shunts important
Sends blood to essential organs for immediate survival during physiological stress (birth)
41
Why does the fetus circulation differ
It’s a symbiotic parasite
42
How does fetal circulation work
Form the placenta via the umbilical vein to the liver via the ductus venous Then via caudal vena cava to RA and then LA via Foramen ovale Then to aortic arch, carotid artery then to cranial VC to RA, Then via ductus arteriosus to descending aorta Then back to placenta via umbilical arteries
43
What are the main blood vessels in fetal circulation
Umbilical vein Ductus venosus Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus Umbilical arteries
44
What are the structures within the umbilicus and their function
Umbilical vein- delivers nutrients to fetus Umbilical arteries- delivers blood back to placenta Urachus- a remnant of the alantois (thing before UC was formed- drained urinary bladder)
45
Which species doesn’t have a ductus venous
Feral horse
46
What is the function and pathway of the ductus venous
Causes 50% of blood to bypass the liver as no oral intake of food Shunts blood from umbilical vein to caudal VC Streams blood to the forameb ovale
47
What keeps the forameb ovale open in the fétus
Pressure difference High blood flow
48
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus
Shunts blood in pulmonary artery to descending aorta
49
What must fétus do after birth
Start respiration Circulate a closed system Begin digestion Thermoregialrion Excretion of waste
50
How does the ductus venous shut
Umbilical cord is located as placenta detaches, so no blood in UV vein Therefore DV sphincter constructs and blood goes to liver
51
What is the remnant of the DV called
Ligamentum venosum
52
How does the foramen ovale shut
Lungs open, so low pulmonary resistance Placenta is gone so high systemic resistance Pressure difference causes septa to close and fuse together
53
What is the remnant of the forameb ovale called
Fossa ovalis
54
How does the ductus arteriosus close?
DA constricts as increase pO2 Pressure lower in lung, pressure higher in body as blood flows through
55
What is the remnant of the ductus atteriosus called
ligament arteriosus
56
What mechanisms occur after birth
Increased PO2 due to lung inflation Vascular resistance in body increases due to loss of placenta Changes in hormones (cortisol, catecholamines) Tissue layers pushed together to become ligaments
57
When does the DV shunt close
Functional closure within minutes due to improved pulmonary clearance and no UV blood supply Anatomic closure within days
58
When does the closure of the FO occur
Functional closure within hours of birth Anatomic closure is slow (weeks-years)
59
When does the DA close
Functional- Within minutes to hours Anatomic- 2-7 days
60
What do the internal umbilicals become
Round ligaments of the bladder
61
What does the umbilical vein become
Round ligamnet of liver
62
What physiological changes occur at the transition from foetus to neonate
Increased oxygenation Haemoglobin changes BP increased Enteral intake of nutrients
63
What are the four features of tetralogy of fallout
Narrowing or valve between hearth and lungs Ventricular septal defect Right ventricular hypertrophic Aorta is shifted to the right
64
What is eisenmengrrs syndrome
Due to high pressure in lungs Too much pulmonary hyper tensions and vasicuakr resistance so blood is reversed and goes from left to right side of heart

CAR (15 decks)

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