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CAR > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the wall of blood vessels

A

Tunica interna
Tunica media
Tunica externa

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2
Q

What is the tunica interna

A

Innermost layer of the blood vessel wall

endothelium, connective tissue (collagen, laminin, fibronectin, and other extracellular matrix molecules), and a basal layer of elastic tissue called internal elastic lamina

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3
Q

What is the tunica media

A

Middle layer
Mostly smooth muscle with elastic and collagen fibres

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4
Q

What is the tunica externa

A

Outermost layer
Mostly collagen and elastin fibres

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5
Q

Which tunica can help distinguish between veins and arteries

A

Tunica media

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6
Q

Which animals have a n azygous vein

A

All mammals but there’s some species variation

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7
Q

What is the function of the azygous vein

A

Drains dorsal mid/caudal thorax and L1-L2 region since the caudal vena cava dips ventrally to go through the liver.

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8
Q

Which animals have a right azygous only

A

Dogs, cats and horses

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9
Q

What animals have a left azygous vein only

A

Pigs

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10
Q

Which animals have a left and right azygous vein

A

Ox, sheep, goat

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11
Q

What is angiogenesis

A

The sprouting of new capillaries from pre existing vessels

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12
Q

What is vasculogenesis

A

The formation of blood vessels from endothelial progenitor cells (angioblasts from mesoderm)

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13
Q

When do angiogenesis occur

A

Feral/ post natal development as metabolicdaly active tissues need to be close to capillaries for gaseous exchange
Adult- female reproduction like placental development
Pathology- wound healing, tumour development

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14
Q

What causes angiogenesis

A

Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen so high amount of HIF
Endothelial cell tip secretes proteolytic enzymes
Causes capillary sprouts

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15
Q

What is the portal system

A

When a few organs are connect in series and they obtain their blood second band from the venous outflow of another organ

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16
Q

What is the advantage of the portal system

A

To transport a solute from one place to another without dilution in the general circulation

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17
Q

Whjdn animals have a hepatic portal vein

A

All vertebrae

18
Q

Where does the hepatic portal vein go

A

From GI to liver

19
Q

Which animals have the renal portal vein

A

All vertebrae except mammals

20
Q

What does the renal portal vein do

A

From hind limbs to kidney

21
Q

What is anastomosis

A

It’s a bridge of blood vessel that forms so that it can rescue the blood supply and avoid necrosis

22
Q

What percentage of the blood volume is arteries

A

15%

23
Q

What is the percentage of blood in capillaries

A

5%

24
Q

What is the blood volume in the venules and veins

A

80%

25
Q

What are the different layers of blood vessels

A

Endothelium
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

26
Q

What is in the tunica intima and media

A

Smooth muscle
Collagen
Elastin

27
Q

What is in the tunica adventitia

A

Collagen
Elastin

28
Q

What is the diameter of the aorta

A

2cm

29
Q

Which blood vessels contain collagen

A

All except capillary

30
Q

Which blood vessels contain elastin

A

All except capillar and venule

31
Q

Which blood vessels contain smooth muscle

A

All except capillary and venule

32
Q

Which blood vessels contain collagen

A

All except capillary

33
Q

Why is a high level of elastin and collagen important in the aorta

A

It dampens the oscillating cardiac output when the blood is pushed out the heart

34
Q

Why do the artérioles have lots of smooth muscle

A

They can contract to increase blood pressure as diameter would increase
Can maintain high blood pressure and maintain reistance to blood pressure

35
Q

Why do capillaries need a low blood pressure

A

No collagen or elastin, so very fragile
High pressures cause lots of fluid out (tissue fluid)

36
Q

What are the three types of capillaries

A

Continuous
Fenestrates
Discontinued sinusoid

37
Q

What are continuous capillaries and where are they found

A

Continuous lining of endothelial cells except for clefts between cells
Majority in body

38
Q

What are fenerstrated capillaries and where are they found

A

Cell membrane is compressed to permit greater fluid transmission (creating windows)
In glomerular capillaries in kidney

39
Q

What are discontinuous sinusoid capillaries and where are they found

A

Some wider intercellular gaps permit increased exchange with surrounding tissues
Liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, some endocrine glands

40
Q

What does the venous return depend on

A

Pressure difference between venules and RA
Smooth muscle contracts
Valves
Inspiration (abdominal compression)
Skeletal muscle movement
Gravity (upper body)

41
Q

What are the main functions of blood circulation

A

To transport gases to and from organs/ tissues
To Deliver nutrients
To remove waste
To communicate
To maintain constant temperature
To maintain cardiac output pressure

CAR (15 decks)

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