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Cardiac Emergencies > Cardiac Cycle and Cardiac Output > Flashcards

Cardiac Cycle and Cardiac Output Flashcards

1
Q

Stimulated by nerves and is self excitable

A

Heart Muscle

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2
Q

Self-excitable

A

Automaticity

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3
Q

How long is the Cardiac Cycle on Average

A

0.8 seconds (assuming 75 bpm)

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4
Q

Contraction of the heart muscle, blood is pumped into arteries, short period of time, approx. 0.1 seconds

A

Systole

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5
Q

Relaxation of the heart muscle, heart is filling with blood, longest period of time, approx. 0.7 seconds

A

Diastole

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6
Q

Explain Cardiac Cycle

A
  1. Atrial Systole
  2. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction
  3. Ejection
  4. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
  5. Passive ventricular filling
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7
Q

AV valves are open, semilunar valves closed

A

Atrial Systole

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8
Q
  • Atria relaxes
  • Ventricular pressure rises resulting in closing AV valves
A

Ventricular Systole

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9
Q

Ventricles are completely closed, pressure in the ventricles increases until the pressure is more than in the aorta/pulmonary trunks

A

Isovolumetric Ventricular Contraction Phase

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10
Q

Opens semilunar valves

A

Ventricular Ejection Phase

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11
Q
  • Ventricles relax, ventricular pressure drops
  • Back flow of blood in aorta and pulmonary trunk closes semilunar valves, dicrotic notch
A

Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation- Early Diastole

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12
Q

Brief rise in aortic pressure caused by back flow of blood rebounding off semilunar valves

A

Dicrotic Notch

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13
Q

Cardiac Cycle Pressure of Right Atrium

A

0-4 mmHg

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14
Q

Cardiac Cycle Pressure of Right Ventricle

A

25 systolic mmHg

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15
Q

Cardiac Cycle Pressure of Pulmonary Arteries

A

25 systolic mmHg

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16
Q

Cardiac Cycle Pressure of Left Atrium

A

8-10 mmHg

17
Q

Cardiac Cycle Pressure of Left Ventricle

A

120 systolic mmHg

18
Q

Cardiac Cycle Pressure of Aorta

A

120 systolic mmHg

19
Q

The amount of blood pumped by each ventricular in one minute, best indicator of adequate blood flow to the peripheral tissues

A

Cardiac Output

20
Q

Cardiac Output Equation

A

Stroke volume X Heart Rate

21
Q

The percentage of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each contraction (average = 50%-65%)

A

Ejection Fraction

22
Q

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction

A

Stroke Volume

23
Q

Stroke Volume Equation

A

End diastolic volume (EDV) minus end systolic volume (ESV)

24
Q

Amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole

A

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

25
Q

Amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction

A

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

26
Q

Factors Affecting Stroke Volume

A
  • Venous return
  • Preload
  • Afterload
  • Contractility
27
Q

Amount of venous blood returned to the heart

A

Venous Return

28
Q

Amount ventricles are stretched by contained blood

A

Preload

29
Q

Cardiac cell contractile force due to factors other than EDV

A

Contractility

30
Q

Back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart

A

Afterload

31
Q

What increases Stroke Volume?

A

Slow heartbeat and exercise increases venous return, increasing SV

32
Q

What decreases Stroke Volume?

A

Blood loss and extremely rapid heart beat

33
Q

Frank Sterling Law

A
  • “More blood in = more blood out”
  • The greater the volume of blood in the ventricle, the stronger the contraction
  • Both an increased filling time and increased blood volume = increased stroke volume
34
Q

Increase in Contractility come from:

A
  • Increased sympathetic stimuli
  • Certain hormones
  • Ca2+ and some drugs
35
Q

Agents/factors that Decrease Contracility:

A
  • Acidosis
  • Increased extracellular K+
  • Beta blockers and calcium channel blockers (cardiac drugs)
36
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Decreased Cardiac Output

A
  • Acute changes in BP
  • Acute changes in mental status
  • Cold, clammy skin
  • Colour changes in the skin and mucous membranes
  • Crackles (rales)
  • Dyspnea
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Orthopnea
  • Restlessness

Cardiac Emergencies (13 decks)

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