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Exam 5 Cardiology > Cardiac Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Top part of the heart is called?

A

Base

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2
Q

What are the 4 properties of the cardiac conductive system?

A

Excitability
Conductivity
Automaticity
Contractility

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3
Q

How does the cardiac conductive system work?

A

Via sodium-potassium pump

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4
Q

Polarization is?

A

Resting potential

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5
Q

Depolarization is?

A

Action potential

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6
Q

K+

A

Potassium

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7
Q

Where is the potassium located after the depolarization phase?

A

Outside of cell

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8
Q

Where is sodium located after the depolarization phase?

A

Inside of cell

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9
Q

What is the name for the bottom portion of the heart?

A

Apex

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10
Q

Where is potassium located during the polarization phase?

A

Inside of cell

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11
Q

Where is the sodium located in the polarization phase?

A

Outside of cell

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12
Q

Which valve of the heart is more likely to become inverted?

A

Bicuspid/Mitral valve

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13
Q

Is the blood in the right side of the heart oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Deoxygenated

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14
Q

What is the only artery that contains deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary Artery

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15
Q

Which muscles are attached to the heart valves and help to prevent valves from inverting?

A

Papillary

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16
Q

What is ANH?

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone which is provided by the stretching of the walls

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17
Q

What is the main functions of Atrial Natriuretic Hormone?

A

Decreases reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys
Promotes increase in sodium elimination thru urine
BLOOD VOLUME LOWERS WHICH LOWERS BLOOD PRESSURE

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18
Q

What part of the heart is thicker walled and is capable of more forceful contractions?

A

Left ventricle

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19
Q

Quivering of artia is what?

A

Atrial fibrillation

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20
Q

Coronary vessels originate where?

A

Ascending aorta

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21
Q

Epinephrine is given in cardiac arrest because?

A

EPI vasoconstricts peripheral vessels which forces more blood into coronary vessels first

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22
Q

What are the three “i’s” associated with occluded coronary vessels?

A

Ischemia
Injury
Infacrt

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23
Q

Ischemia occurs when?

A

More demand for oxygen then supply

LEAST HARMFUL

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24
Q

Injury on a 12 lead appears how?

A

ST elevation

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25
What is the worst rhythm seen with extreme coronary vessel obstruction?
Infarct
26
Contraction of the ventricles of the heart is known as?
Systole
27
Relaxation of the heart is known as?
Diastole
28
What is systolic pressure?
Strength and volume of cardiac output
29
What can decrease stroke volume?
Decrease in preload
30
What does heart rate do when in hypovolemia?
Increases
31
Mean arterial pressure less than 60 indicates?
Lack of perfusion to brain
32
What heart sound indicates a heart murmur?
Third heart sound
33
Mitral valve stenosis occurs when?
The valve becomes ridged and cannot open or close easily
34
What is the intrinsic rate of the SA node?
60-100
35
What is the step of the cardiac electrical system between the SA node and the AV node?
Internodal arterial pathways
36
Normal intrinsic rate for AV node?
40-60
37
What is the intrinsic rate for the purkinje fibers?
20-40
38
Natural pacemaker of the heart
SA node
39
What part of the cardiac electric system creates a"delay" before current is sent to perkinje fibers?
AV node
40
The right bundle branch supplies an impulse to what part of the heart?
Right ventricle
41
What parts of the heart does the left bundle branch supply electrical impulses to?
Left anterior ventricle and left posterior ventricle
42
What is a normal heart rate for an infant?
120
43
What is the normal heart rate for a child?
100BPM
44
What contains the accelerator and inhibitory center?
Medulla
45
Chronotropy is?
Heart Rate
46
Positive chronotropic effect is?
Increases heart rate
47
Inotrophy is?
Contractile force
48
Dromotropy is?
Electrical conduction of heart
49
____ and ____ describe mechanical functions of heart.
Chronotropy and inotopy
50
What does the parasympathetic system decrease?
Heart rate, strength of contractions, blood pressure
51
The parasympathetic nervous system increases?
Digestive system and kidneys
52
The sympathetic system increases?
Body activity, heart rate, strength of contractions, vascular constriction, respirations, bronchodilation PUPILS DILATE SKELETAL MUSCLE PERFUSION INCREASES
53
The sympathetic system decreases?
Urine output
54
What are the main catecholamines?
EPI and Norepi
55
Alpha 1 is?
Vasoconstriction, Increased peripheral vascular resistance, Increased preload
56
Alpha 2 is?
Regulation of the release of NorEpi
57
Beta 1 is?
Positive inotropy, positive chronotropy, positive dromotropy
58
Beta 2 is?
Bronchodilation, smooth muscle dilation in bowel
59
Only time epi is given for bradycardia?
With children to increase heart rate
60
Atropine is given for?
Symptomatic bradycardia; Atropine works on the atria only
61
Transcutaneous pacing works on what part of the heart?
Ventricles only
62
Dopamine works on atria or ventricles?
Ventricles
63
Blood oxygen levels are regulated by what type of receptors? Where are they located?
Chemoreceptors found in carotid and aortic bodies
64
Blood pressure levels are regulated by what type of receptors? Where are they located?
Pressoreceptors found in carotid and aortic sinuses
65
The inhibitory center sends impulses along the vagus nerves found where?
10th cranial
66
Glassopharengeal nerves are stimulated by which set of nerves?
9th cranial nerves
67
What is ejection fraction?
Ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining at the end of diastole
68
What is the average stroke volume amount?
70mL
69
Stroke volume depends on what three factors?
Preload, cardiac Contractility, and afterload
70
What is preload?
The end-diastolic volume
71
Define starlings law?
The more the myocardium is stretched, the greater the force of contraction
72
How is stroke volume affected by peripheral resistance?
Inverse relationship. An increase in peripheral resistance will decrease stroke volume and vice versa
73
What is the average cardiac output?
5 liters
74
During stress which system dominates?
Sympathetic (raises heart rate and increases contractile force)
75
During sleep, which system dominates?
Parasympathetic; decreases heart rate and contractile force
76
Which electrolyte depolarizes heart cell?
Sodium
77
The hearts pumping ability is evaluated using?
Pulse and blood pressure
78
Which side of the heart is the systemic loop?
Left
79
Which side of the heart is the pulmonic loop?
Right
80
What is the purpose of the atrias?
Act as a reservoir to fill ventricles
81
Where are atrioventricular valves found?
Between atrium and ventricles
82
Which side of the heart is the workhorse?
Left
83
Stroke volume x HR = ?
Cardiac output
84
How is preload affected?
Contractility is increased (example: digoxin) and blood vessels are dilated
85
Decreasing vascular resistance ____ preload.
Increases
86
Vasoconstriction _____ preload.
Decreases

Exam 5 Cardiology (7 decks)

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