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Exam 5 Cardiology > Cardiac Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiac Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Top part of the heart is called?

A

Base

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2
Q

What are the 4 properties of the cardiac conductive system?

A

Excitability
Conductivity
Automaticity
Contractility

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3
Q

How does the cardiac conductive system work?

A

Via sodium-potassium pump

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4
Q

Polarization is?

A

Resting potential

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5
Q

Depolarization is?

A

Action potential

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6
Q

K+

A

Potassium

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7
Q

Where is the potassium located after the depolarization phase?

A

Outside of cell

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8
Q

Where is sodium located after the depolarization phase?

A

Inside of cell

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9
Q

What is the name for the bottom portion of the heart?

A

Apex

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10
Q

Where is potassium located during the polarization phase?

A

Inside of cell

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11
Q

Where is the sodium located in the polarization phase?

A

Outside of cell

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12
Q

Which valve of the heart is more likely to become inverted?

A

Bicuspid/Mitral valve

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13
Q

Is the blood in the right side of the heart oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

Deoxygenated

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14
Q

What is the only artery that contains deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary Artery

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15
Q

Which muscles are attached to the heart valves and help to prevent valves from inverting?

A

Papillary

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16
Q

What is ANH?

A

Atrial natriuretic hormone which is provided by the stretching of the walls

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17
Q

What is the main functions of Atrial Natriuretic Hormone?

A

Decreases reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys
Promotes increase in sodium elimination thru urine
BLOOD VOLUME LOWERS WHICH LOWERS BLOOD PRESSURE

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18
Q

What part of the heart is thicker walled and is capable of more forceful contractions?

A

Left ventricle

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19
Q

Quivering of artia is what?

A

Atrial fibrillation

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20
Q

Coronary vessels originate where?

A

Ascending aorta

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21
Q

Epinephrine is given in cardiac arrest because?

A

EPI vasoconstricts peripheral vessels which forces more blood into coronary vessels first

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22
Q

What are the three “i’s” associated with occluded coronary vessels?

A

Ischemia
Injury
Infacrt

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23
Q

Ischemia occurs when?

A

More demand for oxygen then supply

LEAST HARMFUL

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24
Q

Injury on a 12 lead appears how?

A

ST elevation

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25
Q

What is the worst rhythm seen with extreme coronary vessel obstruction?

A

Infarct

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26
Q

Contraction of the ventricles of the heart is known as?

A

Systole

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27
Q

Relaxation of the heart is known as?

A

Diastole

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28
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Strength and volume of cardiac output

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29
Q

What can decrease stroke volume?

A

Decrease in preload

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30
Q

What does heart rate do when in hypovolemia?

A

Increases

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31
Q

Mean arterial pressure less than 60 indicates?

A

Lack of perfusion to brain

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32
Q

What heart sound indicates a heart murmur?

A

Third heart sound

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33
Q

Mitral valve stenosis occurs when?

A

The valve becomes ridged and cannot open or close easily

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34
Q

What is the intrinsic rate of the SA node?

A

60-100

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35
Q

What is the step of the cardiac electrical system between the SA node and the AV node?

A

Internodal arterial pathways

36
Q

Normal intrinsic rate for AV node?

A

40-60

37
Q

What is the intrinsic rate for the purkinje fibers?

A

20-40

38
Q

Natural pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

39
Q

What part of the cardiac electric system creates a”delay” before current is sent to perkinje fibers?

A

AV node

40
Q

The right bundle branch supplies an impulse to what part of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

41
Q

What parts of the heart does the left bundle branch supply electrical impulses to?

A

Left anterior ventricle and left posterior ventricle

42
Q

What is a normal heart rate for an infant?

A

120

43
Q

What is the normal heart rate for a child?

A

100BPM

44
Q

What contains the accelerator and inhibitory center?

A

Medulla

45
Q

Chronotropy is?

A

Heart Rate

46
Q

Positive chronotropic effect is?

A

Increases heart rate

47
Q

Inotrophy is?

A

Contractile force

48
Q

Dromotropy is?

A

Electrical conduction of heart

49
Q

____ and ____ describe mechanical functions of heart.

A

Chronotropy and inotopy

50
Q

What does the parasympathetic system decrease?

A

Heart rate, strength of contractions, blood pressure

51
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system increases?

A

Digestive system and kidneys

52
Q

The sympathetic system increases?

A

Body activity, heart rate, strength of contractions, vascular constriction, respirations, bronchodilation

PUPILS DILATE
SKELETAL MUSCLE PERFUSION INCREASES

53
Q

The sympathetic system decreases?

A

Urine output

54
Q

What are the main catecholamines?

A

EPI and Norepi

55
Q

Alpha 1 is?

A

Vasoconstriction, Increased peripheral vascular resistance, Increased preload

56
Q

Alpha 2 is?

A

Regulation of the release of NorEpi

57
Q

Beta 1 is?

A

Positive inotropy, positive chronotropy, positive dromotropy

58
Q

Beta 2 is?

A

Bronchodilation, smooth muscle dilation in bowel

59
Q

Only time epi is given for bradycardia?

A

With children to increase heart rate

60
Q

Atropine is given for?

A

Symptomatic bradycardia; Atropine works on the atria only

61
Q

Transcutaneous pacing works on what part of the heart?

A

Ventricles only

62
Q

Dopamine works on atria or ventricles?

A

Ventricles

63
Q

Blood oxygen levels are regulated by what type of receptors? Where are they located?

A

Chemoreceptors found in carotid and aortic bodies

64
Q

Blood pressure levels are regulated by what type of receptors? Where are they located?

A

Pressoreceptors found in carotid and aortic sinuses

65
Q

The inhibitory center sends impulses along the vagus nerves found where?

A

10th cranial

66
Q

Glassopharengeal nerves are stimulated by which set of nerves?

A

9th cranial nerves

67
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

Ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining at the end of diastole

68
Q

What is the average stroke volume amount?

A

70mL

69
Q

Stroke volume depends on what three factors?

A

Preload, cardiac Contractility, and afterload

70
Q

What is preload?

A

The end-diastolic volume

71
Q

Define starlings law?

A

The more the myocardium is stretched, the greater the force of contraction

72
Q

How is stroke volume affected by peripheral resistance?

A

Inverse relationship. An increase in peripheral resistance will decrease stroke volume and vice versa

73
Q

What is the average cardiac output?

A

5 liters

74
Q

During stress which system dominates?

A

Sympathetic (raises heart rate and increases contractile force)

75
Q

During sleep, which system dominates?

A

Parasympathetic; decreases heart rate and contractile force

76
Q

Which electrolyte depolarizes heart cell?

A

Sodium

77
Q

The hearts pumping ability is evaluated using?

A

Pulse and blood pressure

78
Q

Which side of the heart is the systemic loop?

A

Left

79
Q

Which side of the heart is the pulmonic loop?

A

Right

80
Q

What is the purpose of the atrias?

A

Act as a reservoir to fill ventricles

81
Q

Where are atrioventricular valves found?

A

Between atrium and ventricles

82
Q

Which side of the heart is the workhorse?

A

Left

83
Q

Stroke volume x HR = ?

A

Cardiac output

84
Q

How is preload affected?

A

Contractility is increased (example: digoxin) and blood vessels are dilated

85
Q

Decreasing vascular resistance ____ preload.

A

Increases

86
Q

Vasoconstriction _____ preload.

A

Decreases

Exam 5 Cardiology (7 decks)

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