Cardiac Abnormalities: Great Vessels Flashcards
What gender has a higher incidence of cardiac abnormalities?
males
What disease affects 8 in 1000 live births?
CHD
T/F: Baby has a higher risk of CHD is dad has it than mom
F
How much space should the heart take up in the thoracic cavity?
1/4-1/3
What is it called when the entire heart is enlarged?
cardiomegaly
What is cardiomegaly a result of?
the heart is overworked or not emptying
What happens when the heart is overworked?
increased cardiac output and increased stroke volume
What happens when the heart is not emptying?
reduce ejection fraction
What is reduced ejection fraction?
inefficient squeezing, valve regurgitation
What causes decreased cardiac size?
the heart is compressed or a cardiac defect
What happens when the heart is compressed?
heart is smashed by extra cardiac structures taking up room in the thorax (hernia and lung masses)
What is hypoplasic heart syndrome?
left side of heart is severely diminished in size and development
When does abnormal embryonic development occur?
during looping process
What is abnormal embryonic development?
when the heart is developed in the wrong position
What usually occurs with a complex heart diease?
central apex
What is it called when the heart is in the left chest and the apex is pointed to the left?
levocardia
T/F: Levocardia is the normal position of the heart
T
What is it called when the heart is in the right chest and apex is pointed to the heart?
dextrocardia
What is it called when the heart is located in the middle of the chest and apex is pointed in the middle?
mesocardia
What is associated with situs inversus?
mesocardia and dextrocardia
What is AV concordance?
the normal development of the heart
What is aka ventricular inversion?
AV discordance
What is AV discordance?
RV is on left side and LV is on right side
Ventricles switched, atrias normal is called…
situs solitus with L looping
Ventricles and atrias switched is called…
situs inversus with L looping
Atrias swtiched and ventricles normal is called…
situs inversus with D looping
When the heart and abdominal organs are normal in design and location it is called?
situs solitus
When the heart and abdominal organs are normal in design and switched in location is called?
situs inversus
Situs ambiguous is aka
heterotaxy
When the cardiac chambers are developed wrong it is called…
situs ambiguous
T/F: Bilateral left sidedness is worse than bilat right sidedness
False
Bilateral right sidedness is aka
asplenia syndrome
Bilateral left sidedness is aka
polysplenia syndrome
T/F: polysplenia syndrome is associated with lung and intestinal defects
True
T/F: asplenia syndrome is associated spleen, lung, and kidney defects
true
What are the types of aorta and aortic arch abnormalities?
coarctation, double aortic arch, right sided aortic arch
What is the narrowing of the aortic lumen that obstructs blood flow?
coarctation of the aorta
What percent of coarctation occurs between the left subc a and ductus arteriosus?
98
Above level of DA/ligament=
preductal
at level of DA/ligament=
juxtaductal
below level of DA/ligament=
postductal
What is associated with biscuspid aortic valve and ventricular septal defects?
coarctation
The ductus arteriosus enlarges with what abnormality?
coarctation
What views are best to evaluate coarctation?
SSN, upper parasternal, TEE
What percent reduction of the DA is considered severe?
40
What occurs when there is a double aortic arch?
both of the 4th arches remain patent
What forms a complete vascular ring around the trachea?
double aortic arch
What occurs when the arch of the aorta turns to the right and develops in the right side of the chest?
right sided aorta
How common is a right sided aortic arch?
affects 1% of general population (1 in 100)
What results in one single fused great vessel?
persistent truncus arteriosus
What type of PTA do the pulmonary arteries remain normal?
type 1
What type of PTA do the pulmonary arteries arise from the posterior portion of truncus?
type 2
What type of PTA do the pulmonary arteries arise from the descending aorta?
type 4
What type of PTA do the pulmonary arteries arise laterally from the truncus?
type 3
Transposition of the great vessels is aka
D transposition
What is it called when you can see the aorta and pulmonary artery parallel?
transposition of the great vessels
What is the confluence of the IVC, HV, ductus venosus?
subdiaphragmatic vestibulum
What vessel serves as a collateral pathway?
azygos vein
What does the azygos vein drain into?
SVC
