Acquired Pediatric Pathology Flashcards
What is an extra/unusual sound heard during a heartbeat?
murmur
What type of murmur is asymptomatic that occurs in school age children and is associated with no structural heart diease?
innocent/functional
What heart sound is heart during the closure of MV/TV?
S1
What heart sound is heard during the closure of PV/AoV?
S2
Systolic/Diastolic/Continuous:
sound occurs during ejection of blood from heart
systolic
Systolic/Diastolic/Continuous:
when ventricles are squeezing, blood is going out of heart through Aov/PV
systolic
Systolic/Diastolic/Continuous:
sound occurs during phase where ventricles are filling
diastolic
Systolic/Diastolic/Continuous:
when ventricles are filling and blood is flowing from atrias through MV/TV
diastolic
Systolic/Diastolic/Continuous:
sound occurs during both pumping and relaxing
continuous
Causes of functional systolic murmurs?
‘stills’s murmur, tricuspid regurgitation
aka vibratory murmur
stills murmur
What murmur is due to false tendon/chordae and has a musical sound?
stills murmur
What percent of patients have tricuspid regurgitation?
80%
T/F: functional systolic murmurs are nothing to worry about
true
What type of murmur is always abnormal?
diastolic
What are the causes of diastolic murmurs?
AoV regurg, pulmonary valve regurg, MVS, TVS
What is the cause of a functional continuous murmur?
venous hum
What is the turbulence in jugular venous flow?
venous hum
What are the causes of a pathological continuous murmur?
PDA, AV malformations
What is it called when an artery and vein are joined together?
AV malformation
What occurs when the heart cannot meet metabolic demands of the body?
CHF
What are the cardiac causes of CHF?
congenital heart defect/disease, acquired heart disease, myocardial dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmia
What are the non cardiac causes of CHF?
HTN, anemia, sepsis, prematurity (respiratory dysplasia)
What are the 2 types of CHF?
hypodynamic and hyperdynamic
What type of CHF is due to low cardiac output due to obstruction or myocardial disease?
hypodynamic
Hypodynamic CHF is aka
backward failure
What type of CHF is due to high cardiac output compensating for a defect (shunt/regurg)?
hyperdynamic
Hyperdynamic CHF is aka
foward failure
What type of CHF is more common in newborns?
hyperdynamic
What are the signs of fetal CHF?
hydrops
What are the sings of pediatric/neonatal CHF?
tachycardia, tachypnea, poor feeding
What can chronic left sided failure lead to?
systemic venous congestion, volume overload, rt sided heart failure, blood back up
What happens when the entire CV system backs up?
hepatomegaly, ascites, pleural effusion, edema, jugular vein distention, pericardial effusion
What is an inflammatory disease that occurs after strep infection?
rheumatic fever
What is the leading cause of acquired heart disease?
rheumatic fever
What does rheumatic fever effect?
AV valves, semilunar valves, myocardium, pericardium
What are diseases of the myocardium?
cardiomyopathy
What are causes of cardiomyopathy?
acute, congenital, acquired
What causes acute cardiomyopathy?
infectious disease
What causes congenital cardiomyopathy?
abnormal myocardium
What are the 2 types of cardiomyopathy?
hypertrophic and dilated/congestive
What type of cardiomyopathy causes the myocardium to abnormally thicken?
hypertrophic
What type of cardiomyopathy causes the myocardium to weaken allowing the chamber to dilate?
dilated/congestive
What is systemic HTN?
high blood pressure
What type of HTN is associated with another disease?
acquired
What type of HTN is most commonly caused by coarctation of the Ao?
congenital
What is high BP in the pulmonary arteries that makes the right side of the heart pump harder?
PHTN
What are the signs and symptoms of PHTN?
fatigue, SOB, exercise intolerance, dizziness, fainting, LE swelling, chest pain, blue lips
What is the 1st symptom of PHTN
fatigue
What is acute vasculitis occurring in children under 5 that causes inflammation in wall of arteries?
Kawasakis disease
What is an abnormal reaction to infection that is not contagious?
kawasakis disease
What are the signs and symptoms of kawasakis disease?
strawberry tongue, swelling of hands/feet, red eyes, high fever, total body rash/peeling
What is the cardiac impact of kawasakis disease?
coronary artery aneurysm, myocarditis
When is conduction developed by?
16 weeks
What is better for evaluating arrhythmias due to better temporal resolution?
M-Mode
What is considered fetal tachycardia
> 180 bpm
What is considered fetal bradycardia
<100 bpm
T/F: it is better for fetal HR to be too fast than too slow
True
What is it called when probe pressure on cord/fetus causes HR to drop?
transient bradycardia
