Cardiac

Question 1

List ways of stopping SVT?

Answer 1

Valsalva manoeuvre.
Blow into syringe.
Placing face in ice cold water.
Suck on ice cubes.

Cardioversion.
Catheter ablation.

Question 2

What causes re entrant SVT?

Answer 2

Reentrant supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) involve reentrant pathways with a component above the bifurcation of the His bundle.

Question 3

How might beta-blockers affect pts with severe haemorrhage?

Answer 3

Beta-blockers such as propranolol and atenolol block the activity of the sympathetic nervous system so pts may not develop a tachycardia in response to significant haemorrhage. (Used for angina and hypertension.)

Question 4

What effect will a fever have on the heart rate?

Answer 4

Increases in core temp increases rate of SA node depolarisation. Hypothermia causes bradycardia.

Question 5

What affect does atropine have on the heart?

Answer 5

Blocks the vagal nerve activity (which at rest, works to slow the the SA node). Hence used for bradycardia.

Question 6

Three main causes of dysrhythmia are:

Answer 6

Altered automaticity, re-entry and triggered activation.

Question 7

What is fibrillation?

Answer 7

Fibrillation is the rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized contraction of muscle fibers. An important occurrence is with regard to the heart.

Question 8

If lead I is positive and aVF is positive then axis deviation is?

Answer 8

Normal

Question 9

If lead I is positive and aVF negative axis deviation is?

Answer 9

Left

Question 10

If lead I is negative and aVF positive axis deviation is?

Answer 10

Right

Question 11

If both lead I and aVF are negative then axis deviation is?

Answer 11

Extreme

Question 12

How long is the P Wave and what is it?

Answer 12

Represents the depolarisation of the atria and is normally less than 0.1 seconds and less than 2.5 mm tall.

Question 13

How long is the small box on an ECG?

Answer 13

0.04 seconds

Question 14

How long is a big box on the ECG?

Answer 14

5 small boxes 0.2 seconds

Question 15

How long is the qrs complex?

Answer 15

Less than 0.12

Question 16

What does the qrs complex represent?

Answer 16

The depolarisation of the ventricles.

Question 17

What are Q, Rand S waves?

Answer 17

Q wave is deflection before R wave.
R wave is any positive deflection.
S wave is any negative deflection after R wave.

Question 18

What does the T wave represent?

Answer 18

Repolarisation of ventricles.

Question 19

What does the PR interval represent and how long does it last?

Answer 19

Between 0.12 and 0.2 secs and time taken for impulse generated in SA node to reach the ventricles via AV node and bundle branches,

Question 20

Seven steps of ECG analysis are?

Answer 20

HR
Rhythm
P waves
QRS
PR interval
T wave
ST segment

Question 21

Always suspect a posterior MI if?

Answer 21

ECG shows tall R waves or ST dep in V1 and V2 especially if inferior MI suspected.

Question 22

How do we confirm ET placement?

Answer 22

Direct vision
Auscultation
Waveform capnography

Question 23

What is the Levine Sign?

Answer 23

Clenched fist over chest.