Cardiac Flashcards
The two main causes of atrial fibrillation
Hypertension
Heart disease
Differential diagnosis of angina
Aortic valve stenosis
The three main causes of palpitations
Hypertension
Heart failure
Ischemia
Clinical signs of valvular disease
SOB, chest pain & dizzy (on exertion)
New York Hear Association Functional Classification
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV
What kind of murmurs are louder with inspiration?
Right sided murmurs
Valves conditions that present with displaced apex beat
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation
Valve condition with forceful apex
Aortic stenosis
Valve condition with tapping apex
Mitral stenosis
Causes of right bundle branch block
Congenital heart disease
Pulmonary disease
Myocardial disease
Causes of left bundle branch block
Left ventricular outflow obstruction
Coronary artery disease
Which murmur is best heard at the lower left sternal angle?
Aortic regurgitation
Valve condition with straight left heart border?
Mitral stenosis
Valve condition which may present with malar flush?
Mitral stenosis
Causes of aortic stenosis
- Congenital bicuspid valve
- Age related
- Rheumatic fever
Causes of mitral regurgitation
Damage to leaflets, chordae, papillary muscle, ventricle
Causes of mitral stenosis
-Rheumatic heart disease
Rarely congenital
Cause of aortic regurgitation
Damage to:
- the leaflets
- annulus
Treatment of aortic/mitral stenosis
Balloon valvuloplasty
Conns syndrome
Aldosterone producing adenoma
What causes an increased intensity of P2? (Louder at left parasternal 2nd intercostal space
- Pulmonary hypertension
- ASD
What causes a wide splitting of P2?
Wide splitting is expiration, fixed splitting in both inspiration and expiration
- Anything that delays conduction down right bundle (RBBB,pre-excitation of left ventricle, pacing of left ventricle, premature LV beats)
- pulmonary stenosis
- pulmonary arterial hypertension
What causes fixed splitting?
- ASD (due to continuous blood flow from left to right side of heart leading to lengthened cardiac cycle on right)
- Right heart failure
- Pulmonary hypertension
Signs of heart failure?
- breathlessness
- extreme tiredness
- ankle swelling
Brain natriuretic levels are raised in which condition?
-heart failure
What are creatinine levels used to measure?
Kidney disease
Dextrocardia
When the heart is on the right side
What might echocardiography show in marfans?
- mitral valve prolapse
- mitral regurgitation
Virus causing acute epiglottitis?
Haemophilus influenzae type b
When are varicose veins most prominent?
When standing
Complications of varicose veins?
Bleeding and bruising
Thrombophlebitis
Chronic venous insufficiency
Chronic venous insufficiency caused by varicose veins?
Haemosiderin deposits
Lipodermatosclerosis
Ulceration
First aid treatment for bleeding varicose veins?
Pressure and elevation
Term to describe a break in the skin for at least 6/52 between the malleoli and the tibial tuberosity presumed to be venous disease?
Chronic venous ulceration lawl
Clinical features of lipidermatosclerosis
White cells, inflammation and fibrosis
Investigation of varicose veins?
Duplex scan. Focuses on 2 main issues:
- State of the deeps veins (occlusion/incompetence)
- Saphenofemoral/saphenopopliteal incompetence
When is compression contraindicated for treatment of varicose veins?
When the patient has a low ABPI
Aetiology of varicose veins?
Primary and post pregnancy
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