Cardiac Flashcards
The two main causes of atrial fibrillation
Hypertension
Heart disease
Differential diagnosis of angina
Aortic valve stenosis
The three main causes of palpitations
Hypertension
Heart failure
Ischemia
Clinical signs of valvular disease
SOB, chest pain & dizzy (on exertion)
New York Hear Association Functional Classification
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV
What kind of murmurs are louder with inspiration?
Right sided murmurs
Valves conditions that present with displaced apex beat
Mitral regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation
Valve condition with forceful apex
Aortic stenosis
Valve condition with tapping apex
Mitral stenosis
Causes of right bundle branch block
Congenital heart disease
Pulmonary disease
Myocardial disease
Causes of left bundle branch block
Left ventricular outflow obstruction
Coronary artery disease
Which murmur is best heard at the lower left sternal angle?
Aortic regurgitation
Valve condition with straight left heart border?
Mitral stenosis
Valve condition which may present with malar flush?
Mitral stenosis
Causes of aortic stenosis
- Congenital bicuspid valve
- Age related
- Rheumatic fever
Causes of mitral regurgitation
Damage to leaflets, chordae, papillary muscle, ventricle
Causes of mitral stenosis
-Rheumatic heart disease
Rarely congenital
Cause of aortic regurgitation
Damage to:
- the leaflets
- annulus
Treatment of aortic/mitral stenosis
Balloon valvuloplasty
Conns syndrome
Aldosterone producing adenoma
What causes an increased intensity of P2? (Louder at left parasternal 2nd intercostal space
- Pulmonary hypertension
- ASD
What causes a wide splitting of P2?
Wide splitting is expiration, fixed splitting in both inspiration and expiration
- Anything that delays conduction down right bundle (RBBB,pre-excitation of left ventricle, pacing of left ventricle, premature LV beats)
- pulmonary stenosis
- pulmonary arterial hypertension
What causes fixed splitting?
- ASD (due to continuous blood flow from left to right side of heart leading to lengthened cardiac cycle on right)
- Right heart failure
- Pulmonary hypertension
Signs of heart failure?
- breathlessness
- extreme tiredness
- ankle swelling
