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Biochem Test II > Carbs II > Flashcards

Carbs II Flashcards

1
Q

In the absence of oxygen, what substrate serves as an electron acceptor to regenerate NAD? What product is formed?

A

Pyruvate. Lactic acid.

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2
Q

What cells rely exclusively on glycolysis?

A

red blood cells

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3
Q

What is the first reaction of glycolysis?

A

hexokinase converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate

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4
Q

What is the second reaction of glycolysis?

A

glucose phosphate isomerase converts glucose-6-phosphate into Fructose-6-phosphate

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5
Q

What is the third reaction of glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase converts F6P into F16bP

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6
Q

What is the fourth step of glycolysis?

A

F16bP is split into DHAP and GAP by fructose bisphosphate aldolase

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7
Q

What enzyme converts DHAP to GAP?

A

triose phosphate isomerase

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8
Q

What enzyme converts GA3P into 13bPG?

A

GAPDH

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9
Q

What enzyme of glycolysis produces a reducing equivalent?

A

GAPDH

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10
Q

What reaction does phosphoglycerate kinase catalyze?

A

1,3bPG to 3-phosphoglycerate kinase

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11
Q

What reaction to phosphoglyceromutase catalyze?

A

3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate

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12
Q

What reaction does enolase catalyze?

A

2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate

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13
Q

What reaction does pyruvate kinase catalyze?

A

phosphenolpyruvate into pyruvate

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14
Q

What two reactions of glycolysis yield ATP?

A

pyruvate kinase and phosphoglycerate kinase

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15
Q

What is the function of fructokinase?

A

to phosphoryplate fructose into F1P

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16
Q

What is the fate of F1P?

A

Conversion to DHAP and glyceraldehyde

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17
Q

What is the fate of fructose in muscle?

A

Fructose will be slowly converted to F6P by hexokinase

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18
Q

What hormone’s activity is independent of insulin? What are the implications of this?

A

Fructokinase. Diabetics can tolerate fructose as well as non-diabetics.

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19
Q

What tissue does hexokinase convert fructose into fructose-6-phosphate?

A

muscle

20
Q

What tissue does fructokinase convert fructose into F1P?

A

liver

21
Q

What does essential frustosuria is caused by a deficiency in what enzyme?

A

liver fructokinase

22
Q

What is hereditary fructose intolerance?

A

a defective Aldolase B

23
Q

What is the function of Aldolase B?

A

to convert fructose-1-phosphate into glyceraldehyde and DHAP

24
Q

During aldolase B deficiency, what product accumulates in the liver?

A

fructose-1-phosphate

25
Q

What is galactosemia?

A

failure to utilize galactose in glycolysis

26
Q

What are the three regulated enzymes of glycolysis?

A

hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

27
Q

What two enzymes of glycolysis are regulated by insulin?

A

hexokinase and pyruvate kinase

28
Q

What is the function of F26bP?

A

F26bP acts as an accelerator of glycolysis and an inhibitor of gluconeogenesis

29
Q

What does high [cAMP] signal?

A

fasting state

30
Q

What is the function of cAMP in relation to its effects on metabolism?

A

cAMP functions to reduce glucose consumption by glycolysis

31
Q

What does insulin do to cAMP levels?

A

Insulin inhibits cAMP formation

32
Q

How does glucagon affect cAMP levels?

A

glucagon acts to raise cAMP levels

33
Q

What second messenger inhibits PFK II?

A

PKA

34
Q

What are the two functions of F26bP?

A

to activate PFK I and to inhibit fructose bisphosphotase

35
Q

What two shuttle systems can the cell use to ensure NAD availability for glycolysis?

A

malate-asparate shuttle and the glycerol phosphate shuttle

36
Q

What tissues use the malate-aspartate shuttle?

A

liver and heart

37
Q

What tissues use the glycerol phosphate shuttle?

A

muscle and brain

38
Q

What molecule is transported to the liver during Cori cycle?

A

lactic acid is transported

39
Q

What happens to lactic acid in the liver during the Cori cycle?

A

lactic acid is converted to pyruvate

40
Q

What is the fate of pyruvate in the liver?

A

pyruvate is used to manufacture glucose

41
Q

What requires an NADH, pyruvate to lactate or lactate to pyruvate?

A

pyruvate to lactate requires an NADH

42
Q

Can liver failure highlight the effects of the Cori cycle?

A

yes. lactic acidosis can occur without a functioning liver.

43
Q

How are hemolytic anemia and glycolysis connected?

A

defects in glycolysis and highlighted in hemolytic anemia

44
Q

What is the most common hereditary enzymatic deficiency in glycolysis?

A

pyruvate kinase deficiency

45
Q

What do defects of any glycolytic enzyme do to the RBC?

A

lysis of the cells due to inability to maintain memrbane potential

46
Q

What glycolytic enzyme is affected by arsenate?

A

GAPDH

Biochem Test II (14 decks)

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