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Biochem Test II > Carb I > Flashcards

Carb I Flashcards

1
Q

How many days does hemoglobin last in circulation?

A

120 days

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2
Q

How is glucose converted to gluconolactone?

A

oxidation of the C1 carbon

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3
Q

What is formed if hexose is oxidized at its C6 carbon?

A

uronic acids

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4
Q

What can happen to glucose is blood glucose levels are too high?

A

glucose is directly reduced to sorbitol

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5
Q

What is N-acetyl-glucosamine formed from?

A

fructose-6-phosphate

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6
Q

Sulfotransferase can add sulfate groups to what carbons?

A

C6, C4 or C2

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7
Q

What amino acids is aspartame broken down into?

A

phenylalanine and aspartic acid

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8
Q

glycogen synthase transfers a glucose from what molecule to an existing chain of glycogen?

A

UDP glucose

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9
Q

What is the function of UDP glucoronyltransferases?

A

to transfer glucoronic acid from UDP glucoronate to a variety of non-specific substrates (most importantly bilirubin)

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10
Q

How do glycosyltransferases aid to bacteria and fungi?

A

Aid in the development of their cell wall

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11
Q

What contributes to the maltose dimer?

A

glucose - glucose

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12
Q

what contributes to the lactose dimer?

A

galactose - glucose

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13
Q

sucrose dimer?

A

glucose - fructose

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14
Q

What type of bond connects glycogen and starch?

A

alpha 1-4 linkages

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15
Q

What type of connections does glycogen contain?

A

alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6

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16
Q

What types of linkages do plants and fungi employ to link their sugar polymers? Can humans digest these?

A

beta. No.

17
Q

What are the substituents of starch?

A

amylose and amylopectin

18
Q

What linkages are featured in glycosaminoglycans?

A

beta 1-6 and beta 1 - 4

alpha 1-4

19
Q

Starch and glycogen digestion begins with what enzyme?

A

alpha-amylase

20
Q

What is the method of action for alpha-amylase?

A

cleaves ALPHA-glycosidic bonds randomly in the middle of molecules

21
Q

What are the two most important activated sugars?

A

UDP-glucose and UDP-glucoronic acid

22
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate and UTP into UDP-glucose?

A

UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase

23
Q

What is the function of glycosyltransferases?

A

catalyze the the addition of an activated suger molecule to an existing branch polymer

24
Q

How does glycogen synthase function?

A

glycogen synthase catalyzes the addition of Glucose (from UDP-glucose) onto an existing glycogen molecule

25
Q

Are glycosyltransferases limited to humans?

A

no. there are bacterial and fungal glycosyltransferases.

26
Q

What is amylose?

A

A polymer of alpha 1,4-glucose

27
Q

What is the function of SGLT?

A

activate transport of glucose and galactose into the intestinal epithelial cells

28
Q

What is the function of GLUT2?

A

to release glucose from intestinal epithelial cells into the blood stream

29
Q

How does fructose enter intestinal epithelial cells?

A

by facilitated diffusion using GLUT5

30
Q

What is the function of GLUT1 and GLUT3?

A

basal glucose and galactose uptake by all cell types

31
Q

Where is GLUT4 expressed?

A

muscle and adipose tissue

32
Q

What can GLUT4 be induced by?

A

insulin

33
Q

What is hexokinase inhibited by?

A

glucose 6-phosphate

34
Q

What is the function of galactokinase?

A

phosphorylation of the C1 of galactose

35
Q

Does glucose 6-phosphate inhibited the action of glucokinase?

A

no

36
Q

Where is alpha-amylase located?

A

salivary and pancreatic secretions

37
Q

What are the main breakdown products of alpha-amylase?

A

maltose and maltotriose

38
Q

What is the function of galactokinase?

A

Phosphorylates the C1 of galactose

prevents galactose from leaving the cell

39
Q

What is a large difference between hexokinase and glucokinase regarding their role in sugar metabolism?

A

glucokinase is not inhibited by its end product. hexokinase is.

Biochem Test II (14 decks)

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