Carbs Flashcards
Where is most glycogen stored
Skeletal muscle and liver
Describe glycogen structure
Enzyme core, with polysaccharide around it. Ends are non reducing
Gags are found where and what are they a class within
Mucous and synovial fluid
Class within glycoproteins
If carbohydrate is greater than protein what is it called
Glycoproteins
Hurler syndrome is caused by what lack of enzyme
Muccopolysacchardase
Glycoaminoglyons build up
Damage to bone growth, eyes cloud,
Death at 10
Where does breakdown occur of starch
Mouth and duodenum by amylase
Jejunum by musosal cell surface enzymes
Glut2 take glucose into the blood, what takes in fructose
Glut 5
What is also taken in to the epithelial cell along with glucose
2 Sodium
In the sodium potassium pump, 3 Na ions are pumped out of the cell while 2 K ions are pumped in, true or false
True
What is the benefit of cellulose and hemicellulose if it can’t be degraded
Increases faecal bulk but decreases transit time
If a sugar can’t be broken down what does it result in
Distension and cramps
Give the name of the disaccharide deficiency
Lactose intolerance
Once glucose is absorbed into the blood where does it go
Liver
What immediately is glucose converted to when taken up into the liver and why
Glucose 6 phosphate so it won’t leave through glut receptors
Name the enzymes responsible for taking up glucose
glucokinase = liver Hexokinase = all other tissue types
How does glucokinase differ from hexokinase (
Location where it is
Gluco has high K and V
Hexokinase has low
Starch is a polysaccharide of which sugar?
Glucose
Difference between starch and glycogen
Glycogen is densely packed due to increased amylopectin
Function of Gags
Muscous and synovial fluid, unbranched polysacchsrides therefore glide over one another
Proteoglycans has more protein than carbohydrate
False ! Proteo is added to the carbohydrate therefor more carbs than protein
Glucose is converted to glucose 6 phosphate by hexokinase in the liver, true or false
True, glucokinase is in other tissue
The core protein in glycogen is called ______
Glycogenin
Glucogenin creates a primer for glycogen, but what is the name of the enzyme which adds glucose residues and the other which creates non reducing ends
Glycogen synthase and glycogen branching enzymes
When glucose is removed from glycogen it is in the form of _______ which is easily converted to glucose
Glucose 1 phosphate, removed by glycogen phosphorylase
van gierks disease is caused by an increase in muscle glycogen
No, it’s mcArdles disease
When does gluconeogenisis occur
During fasting when glycogen gets depleted
Why does drinking result in lacticadaemia and hypoglycaemia
Ethanol requires Nad+ therefore non left for gluconeogensis
What are the 3 irreversible stages of glycolysis
1st Hexokinase, glucose to glucose 6 pho
2nd phosphofructose, fru-6 phos to fru 1,6 bisphos
3rd pyruvate kinase, phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
What is limited during glycolysis
NAD
How is NAD obtained for glycolysis
Vitamins and via lactate production,
Pepck mice has an overactive pep carboxylase. Why does this result in long life, running faster, higher endurance
pep carboxylase is required for gluconeogensis. Break down it therefore high glucose in the blood
What is the overall aim of aerobic respiration
Oxidise carbon to form CO2 and electron
the citric acid cycle is allosterically controlled, true or false
True
Pyruvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate into Acetyl CoA. This is an irreversible reaction therefore is allosertically controlled by:
- acetyl CoA, ATP, NADH
+ pyruvate, Adp, NAD
Citric acid cycle is amphibolic. What does this mean
Intermediates involved in catabolism and metabolism
In the ETC, energy is stored by what
Elcectro chemical gradient
Draw an ATP synathse
Check book
If ETC is uncoupled, give an example in mammal and plants
Skunk lettuce, melt frost
Baby cold causes norepinephrine to be released triggering thermogenin channels to open
Galactose and galactose both have a 6 carbon structure, true or false
True, both 6
