CARBS Flashcards
chemical components of carbohydrate
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
main types of carbohydrates
simple and complex carbs
body’s major souce of energy
carbohydrates
also called as saccharides which means?
sugars
carbohydrates are produced by ___ in plants?
photosynthesis
.
.
an example of simple carbs
simple sugars
an example of complex carbs
cellulose
this type of carbohydrate provides a mass/bulk in foods, vitamins and minerals
digestible carbohydrates
this type of carbohydrate provides a good amount of fiber with a host of other health benefits
indigestible carbohydrates
how many carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atom carbohydrates have
6 carbon
12 hydrogen
6 oxygen
are the simplest form of carbohydrates, oftern referred to as simple sugars
monosaccharides
what are the common monosaccharides
glucose, fructose and galactose
this kind of monosaccharides is preferred as fuel source
fast releasing carbohydrates
why are monosac called as fast releasing carbs
because they a re the simplest for of sugars and they can be rapidly absorbed
“table sugar”
sucrose
two types of fast releasing carbs
mono and disaccharides
also known as complex carbohydrates, are carbohydrates that are broken down and absorbed by the body more slowly
slow releasing carbohydrates
stores glucose energy from starches liver, the muscle tissue in animals
glycogen
slow releasing carbs
starch
plant starch, linear chain w/ hundreds of glucose units
amylose
smaller Amylose>more abundant
amylose and amylopectin
digestion of carbs starts in?
mouth
what enzyme in the mouth breaks down starch into shorter plysaccharides
salivary amylase
this digestion occurs in?
salivary amylase is inactivated and has no further carbs digestion
stomach
this digestion occurs in?
large fibers and other indigestible carbohydrates are partially broken down by bacteria to form short chain FA and gas. the remaining fiber is excreted in the feces
large intestine
this digestion occurs in?
majority of starch digestion and breakdown of disac occurs here.
small intestine
enzyme in the SI that breaksdown disaccharides
pancreatic amylase
saliva contains digestive enzyme
ptyalin (a-amylase)
why does salivary amylase gets blocked once it reached the stomach
because of the acid of the gastric secretion where the salivary amylase will become inactive once the pH falls below 4.0
2 Glucose molecules bonded -common : plant starches, rare: disaccharide
maltose
1 Glucose unit & 1 Galactose unit “ Milk Sugar” - dairy products
lactose
Glucose & Fructose “ Table Sugar” - fruits, vegetables, sugar beets, sugar cane
sucrose
a simple sugar that uses sodium co - transport
glucose and galactose
a simple sugar the uses facilitated diffusion
fructose
5 primary function of carbs
energy production
energy storage
building macromolecules
sparing protein
assisting in lipid metabolism
spitting of glucose to form pyruvic acid
glycolysis
to make hydrogen of glucose molecule available in forms that can be oxidized
citric acid cycle
Transport of hydrogen ion into multiple oxidative chemical reactions
dehydrogenation
Formation of large quantities of ATP by oxidation of hydrogen
oxidative phosphorylation
Formation of Glycogen
glycogenesis
If carbohydrate intake is adequate, protein is spared from digestion or conversion into ATP.
sparring protein
carbohydrates may also function as ????
“fat spares” - prevent breakdown of lipids
when starvation, what level increases in our body when amounts of carbohydrates are depleted
ketone bodies ( ketosis )
A metabolic disorder characterized by a lack of insulin and an excess of glucose.
diabetes
Body stops making insulin or become insensitive
type 2 diabetes
RDA of carbs
130mg(?) both male and female
AMDR or carbs
45-65%
also known as sugars, are categorized into monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose, and dissacharides like lactose, maltose, and sucrose.
fast releasing carbohydrates
also known as complex carbs and are beneficial, slowly digested carbohydrates that do not result in a sudden rise in insulin levels
slow releasing carbohydrates
are whole-grain breads, low-fat dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and beans, are the best dietary sources
nutrient-dense carbohydrates
are soft drinks and candy, are highly processed and can cause health problems when consumed excessively
empty-calorie carbohydrates
pros of sugar substitute
suitable for diabetics, they provide calorie-free food or empty calorie
cons of sugar substitute
artificialsweeteners may increase the risk of CVD
also known as artificial sweeteners or sugar alternatives, are substances used to sweeten foods and beverages as a replacement for traditional table sugar (sucrose).
sugar substitutes
