Carbon chemistry 1 Flashcards
What is organic chemistry referring to?
the chemistry of carbon
What is the atomic weight of carbon?
12
What is carbon the basis of?
all known living organisms
fuel combustion
How many known compounds containing hydrogen and carbon are known of by chemists?
7 million
What type of bond forms between carbon atoms?
strong covalent bonds
What forms can the covalent bonds between carbons be found in?
single
double
triple
What ways can carbon atoms be arranged?
Straight chains
Branched chains
Rings
What are functional groups? (carbon atoms)
Other atoms/groups of atoms can be
placed on the carbon atoms
Why can functional groups be placed onto carbon atoms?
as they can be placed in different positions on the carbon skeleton
What are the 2 main classes of carbon compound?
Aliphatic
Aromatic
Where did the aromatic carbon class get its name?
The original chemists noticed a sweet aroma which lined up with those carbon compounds with double bonds
What are aliphatic carbon compounds?
only contain single bonded carbons
How can aliphatic carbons be sub-divided?
Acyclic - no ring formed
Alicyclic - form rings
What are the simplest molecules that are composed of just C and H?
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
What is a Homologous series?
a family of compounds whose formulae differ by a constant component
What are the 4 smallest base families of carbon hydrogen?
Methane - CH4
Ethane- C2H6
Propane (camping gas)- C3H8
Butane- C4H10
What are the carbon hydrogen names with the number of carbon atoms?
Pentane- 5
Hexane- 6
Heptane- 7
Octane- 8
Nonane- 9
Decane- 10
Undecane- 11
Dodecane- 12
What are isomers?
compounds that have the same molecular
formula, but different molecular structures
What happens to the number of isomers as the length of carbon chain increases?
more structural isomers are possible
How many isomers can decane have?
75
What is rule one for naming alkanes? (carbon chain)
identify the longest carbon chain
What is step 2 for naming alkanes? (naming branches)
identify branches then suffix ending “yl” for number of carbons:
1- methyl
2- ethyl
3- propyl
etc…
What is step 3 for naming alkanes? (branch postion)
the position of the branch on the longest chain is used the lowest number of carbon atoms to get to the branch
What do you do if there if there is more than one branch with the same name when naming alkanes?
use prefixes:
di = 2
tri = 3
tetra = 4
What are alkanes?
all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds
What is the equation for working out the number of hydrogen and carbon in an alkane?
CnH2n+n
What are alkenes?
At least 2 carbon atoms are joined by a double bond
What is the equation for working out the number of hydrogen and carbon in an alkene?
CnH2n
What are alkynes?
At least 2 carbon atoms joined by triple bond
What is the equation for working out the number of hydrogen and carbon in an alkynes?
CnH2n-2
What are the important functional groups?
Alcohol
Ester
Ketone
Carboxylic acid
Amine
Aldehyde
What is the functional group suffix for alkane?
-ANE
What is the functional group suffix for alkene?
-ENE
What is the functional group suffix for alkyne?
-YNE
What is the functional group suffix for alcohol?
-OL
What is the functional group suffix for aldehyde?
-AL
What is the functional group suffix for ketone?
-ONE
What is the functional group suffix for acid?
-OIC acid
What is the behaviour of alkanes like?
Not very reactive
Long life in atmosphere
What is the environmental effect of of alkanes?
GHG- climate change
What is the behaviour of alkenes?
Very reactive due to double bond
What is the environmental effect of alkenes?
Intermediate in photochemical smog production through the reaction with O3
What is the tetrahedral bond angle?
109.5*
What is VSEPR?
Valance Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Can be used to determine molecular geometry
Why does carbon have 4 bonds?
as it has 4 valance electrons
What can atomic orbitals combine to form?
an equal number of hybrid atomic orbitals, whose properties (magnitude / orientation) reflect the constituent AOs
How are aromatics formed?
Formed from sp2 hybridised carbon atoms joined in a (usually) 6-membered ring
What do aromatic molecules have? (electrons)
delocalised electrons
What is the most simple example of an aromatic molecule?
benzene - C6H6
