Bond and molecules

Question 1

What does the arrangement and number of electrons in the atom determine?

Answer 1

Chemical (environmental behaviour)
Reactivity
Properties

Question 2

What do electrons exist as?

Answer 2

in a delocalised cloud

Question 3

What is quanta?

Answer 3

the fixed discrete amount of energy electrons possess

Question 4

What are orbitals in an atom?

Answer 4

spatial areas occupied by electrons, and the energies associated with them

Question 5

How many electrons can orbitals hold?

Answer 5

2

Question 6

What will available electrons usually do when filling orbitals?

Answer 6

the available electrons fill the available orbitals from the lowest energy level up, whilst maximising the number of unpaired electrons

Question 7

What will electrons in the outer shell of an atom be when going down a group?

Answer 7

same number in outer shell

Question 8

What does an increasing number electrons do in the outer shell do as you move across the groups?

Answer 8

alters stability and reactivity

Question 9

What do vertical groups on the periodic table do?

Answer 9

gather elements with similar properties

Question 10

What do horizontal periods correspond to?

Answer 10

trends in behaviour

Question 11

What are core electrons like?

Answer 11

stable and inert

Question 12

What is the valence electrons?

Answer 12

the number of electrons in the outer shell

Question 13

What are the 3 types of bonding?

Answer 13

Covalent
Ionic
Metallic

Question 14

What is the basic idea of covalent bonding?

Answer 14

Electrons are shared

Question 15

What is the basic idea of ionic bonding?

Answer 15

Electrons are transferred

Question 16

What is the basic idea with metallic bonding?

Answer 16

Delocalised sea of electrons

Question 17

What is electronegativity?

Answer 17

Ability of an atom within a molecule to attract electrons

Question 18

What does electro negativity dictate?

Answer 18

How willingly Elements attract/ give up/ share electrons

Question 19

What can covalent bonds between different atoms show?

Answer 19

Polarity

Question 20

What does it mean when we say covalent bonds are directional?

Answer 20

The bond points in a specific orientation

Question 21

Do covalent bonds/ structures have a higher or lower melting and boiling point than ionic?

Answer 21

Lower- due to weak intermolecular forces

Question 22

What does the solubility of covalent compounds tend to be?

Answer 22

Very low (dependent on polarity)

Question 23

Is the electrical conductivity of covalent compounds good or bad?

Answer 23

Typically poor

Question 24

What do ionic compounds live as?

Answer 24

Giant repeating crystal lattices

Question 25

When will ionic compounds conduct electricity?

Answer 25

When molten or in solution

Question 26

What is the boiling and melting point of ionic compounds like?

Answer 26

High

Question 27

What are the solid ionic compounds like?

Answer 27

Hard due to strong forces between oppositely charge ions

Question 28

What is the structure of ionic confines like?

Answer 28

Crystalline

Question 29

What does solubility of ionic compounds depend on?

Answer 29

Depends on interaction between water molecules and the ions VS the interaction of ions in the ionic lattice

Question 30

What is metallic bonding like?

Answer 30

Electron sea model Valence electrons shared among all atoms

Question 31

What are all metallic compounds like?

Answer 31

Malleable Ductile Good heat and electricity conductors

Question 32

What does malleable and ductile mean?

Answer 32

Malleable- pressed into shapes easily Ductile- able to be drawn out

Question 33

What dictates the type of bond?

Answer 33

Tendency of atom to give or gain electrons

Question 34

Do purely ionic bonds exist?

Answer 34

No always some covalent character

Question 35

What will the character of bonds be with a large difference in electronegativity?

Answer 35

Mostly ionic

Question 36

What is the bond type likely to be with low difference in electronegativity?

Answer 36

Covalent character

Question 37

What will the bond be like with a metal and non-metal?

Answer 37

Electron transfer- ionic

Question 38

What will the bond be like with a non- metal and non-metal?

Answer 38

Electron sharing- covalent

Question 39

What will the bond be like with a metal and metal?

Answer 39

Electron pooling- metallic bonding

Question 40

What are intermolecular bonds/ force la like compared to those in molecules?

Answer 40

Much weaker but significant effect on (S L G)

Question 41

What are some attractive forces of intermolecular forces?

Answer 41

Induced-Dipole – Induced-Dipole interactions (van der Waals forces) -Dipole-Induced Dipole interactions -Dipole-Dipole interactions -Hydrogen Bonds

Question 42

What is an example of repulsive intermolecular forces?

Answer 42

Inter nuclear repulsion

Question 43

What are dipole-dipole interactions?

Answer 43

electrostatic attractive forces between the permanent dipoles of two polar molecules. •Stronger than Van der Waals

Question 44

What are Van Der Waals forces?

Answer 44

weak intermolecular forces that are dependent on the distance between atoms or molecules.

Question 45

What are S L or G dependant on? (State of matter)

Answer 45

Temp vs intermolecular forces

Question 46

What are small sized hydrocarbons like at room temp?

Answer 46

Gas at room temp (methane)

Question 47

What are medium sized hydrocarbons like at room temp?

Answer 47

liquids at room temp, but many are volatile and readily evaporate (benzene)

Question 48

What are large sized hydrocarbons like at room temp?

Answer 48

Solids (paraffin)

Question 49

What does hydrogen bonded to a very electronegative element create?

Answer 49

acquires a significant positive charge