Carbohydrates Flashcards
What are Monosaccharides and state examples
They are sugars and are monomers that can form larger carbohydrates
Glucose, fructose, Galactose
What is the test for reducing sugars
Heat with Benedict’s Solution, a Brick Red Precipitate will form if present. It will remain Blue if not present
What is the difference between Alpha + Beta Glucose
The difference between them is the placement of the hydroxyl group from Carbon 1
What are disaccharides?
They are 2 monosaccharides joined together with a glycosidic bond joining them together
What is Maltose made up of?
2 Alpha Glucose
What is sucrose made up of?
Glucose + Fructose
What is Lactose made up of?
Glucose + Galactose
What is the test for Non - Reducing Sugars
Heat with Benedict’s reagent, if nothing occurs then boil with hydrochloric acid and then add sodium hydrogen carbonate. Once done, do the Benedict’s test normally and a change to brick red should be observed
What are Polysaccharides?
They are many monosaccarides joined together w/ glycosidic bonds but aren’t sugars as they are insoluble in water
What is Starch?
Storage compound in plant cells, composed of alpha glucose
What is Cellulose?
Component of plant cell walls, composed of beta glucose
What is Glycogen?
Storage compound in animal cells, composed of alpha glucose
Test for Starch
Add iodine solution to the sample. A blue/black colour indicates starch is present
Explain the structure + properties of Starch
Polymer of Alpha glucose
2 Chains, ‘Straight’ = Amylose, ‘Branched’ = Amylopectin
Can coil making it compact (More in a less given volume)
Insoluble - Doesn’t affect water potential
Held by hydrogen bonds (for shape)
Explain the structure + properties of Glycogen
Polymer of Alpha glucose
Chains are highly branched
The storage compound is located in the branched ends
Energy store in animals/bacteria
Lots of branched ends = rapidly broken down
Explain the structure + properties of Cellulose
Polymer of Beta Glucose
Alternate bonding makes the chain straight
Molecule is very strong
Many long, straight, parallel chains
Every second one is upside down so the hydroxyl groups are together to form glycosidic bond.
Cross linked and held by hydrogen bonds
Produces micro fibrils which group together to form fibres making it strong
What is a Condensation Reaction?
This reaction involves the removal of a molecule of water (OH and H). Water is produced in this reaction as well as the formation of a chemical bond between the monomers. Bond formation is an energy consuming process.
What is a Hydrolysis Reaction?
Chemical Bonds are broken in this reverse reaction. This involves the use of a water molecule and enzymes
What are polymers?
Molecules made up of a large amount of monomers (repeating subunits) joined together
What are monomers?
The smaller Units that join together to produce the larger molecules (polymers)
