Carbohydrates Flashcards
monosaccharides definition
monomers which make up all carbohydrates
polysaccharides definition
a long chain polymer made by of repeating units of monosaccharides
isomer definition
compounds with the same chemical make up, but structurally different
disaccharide definition
the structure created when two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic bond
examples of disaccharides
-> maltose = a-glucose + b-glucose
-> sucrose = glucose + fructose
-> lactose = glucose + galactose
disaccharide properties
-> monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond
-> formed by a condensation reaction
-> broken by hydrolysis
examples of monosaccharides
-> glucose
-> fructose
-> ribose
-> deoxyribose
Glucose properties
-> a hexose sugar
-> hydrogen bonds form between hydroxyl groups and the water molecules
-> two types - a-glucose + b-glucose
-> glucose molecules are polar
-> soluble molecules due to their hydrogen bonds
what is a condensation reaction
the joining of two molecules by removing water
properties of carbs
-> C,H,O elements are present
-> formula = CnH2nOn
what is a hydrolysis reaction
the splitting up of two molecules using water
fructose
-> naturally occurs in fruit
-> hexose sugar
ribose and deoxyribose
-> pentose sugars
-> ribose = present on RNA nucleotides
-> deoxyribose = present in DNA nucleotides
which molecule is most used for the production of energy
alpha - glucose –> the enzymes used for respiration have an active site only complementary to a-glucose
what are the two polysaccharides that make up starch??
1) amylose
2) amylopectin
amylose
-> made of a-glucose molecules –> 1-4 glycosidic bonds
-> structurally is forms a helix because the angle of the bonds makes the chain twist.
-> This helix is further strengthened by hydrogen bonds within the molecule + makes the polysaccharide more compact and less soluble
amylopectin
-> formed by 1-6 AND 1-4 a-glucose glycosidic bonds
-> has lots of side branches
How is the structure of glucose related to its function??
-> small - high energy + passes easily through membrane
-> soluble - transport easily in liquids
-> reactive - forms polymers easily
How is the structure of cellulose related to its function??
-> insoluble - structure of cell wall not affected by water
-> exposed OH- groups -> allows hydrogen bonding to create a strong 3D lattice
-> straight chains - create strong, flexible, permeable mesh
How are the structures of starch and glycogen related to their function??
-> large - cannot escape through membranes
-> insoluble can be stored in large quantities in membrane bound granules
-> compact - stored easily + don’t take up much space
-> branched molecules - can be acted upon simultaneously by lots of enzymes + therefore broken down quickly to release energy
