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histology exam > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Which carbohydrates cannot be demonstrated in tissue sections?

A
  • Glucose
  • Oligosaccharides
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2
Q

What are the 4 groups of naturally occuring polysaccharides?

A

Group 1: Neutral polysaccharides
Group 2: Acid mucopolysaccharides
Group 3: Glycoproteins
Group 4: Glycolipids

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3
Q

What is the purpose of PAS?

A

Demonstrate glycogen, neutral mucopolysaccharides, basement membrane, and fungal infections

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4
Q

What is the principle of PAS?

A

Glycol groups are oxidized to aldehydes which react with the Schiff reagent to produce a colour

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5
Q

What will PAS positive structures stain?

A

Magenta

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6
Q

What will nuclei look like after staining with PAS?

A

Blue

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7
Q

What are the storing conditions of Schiffs reagent?

A
  • sealed in dark cool (4C) place
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8
Q

What is the BEST fixative to use for PAS?

A

Alcohol or alcoholic picric acid

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9
Q

What is dPAS?

A

Diastase method, enzymatic treatment of sections with diastase to digest glycogen, followed by PAS.

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10
Q

What is the result of dPAS method?

A

Undigested sections - PAS positive magenta staining
Digested sections - No magenta

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11
Q

What is the purpose of Alcian blue at a pH of 2.5?

A

Demonstrate carboxylated and sulphated acid mucopolysaccharide

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12
Q

What is the purpose of Alcian Blue at a pH of 1.0?

A

Demonstration of sulphated mucins.

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13
Q

What is the ideal fixative to use for the Alcian blue methods?

A
  • 10% NBF
  • Bouins
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14
Q

What is the purpose of staining with both Alcian blue and PAS?

A

To distinguish neutral and acid mucosubstances

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15
Q

What is the purpose of treating slides with hyaluronidase prior to staining with Alcian Blue?

A

Remove hyaluronic acids which inhibits or reduces staining quality.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of staining with mucicarmine?

A

Demonstrate epithelium mucin or encapsulated fungi .

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17
Q

What does mucicarmine stain? Be specific!

A

carboxylated and sulphated mucins

18
Q

What will mucins look like after staining with mucicarmine?

A

deep red

19
Q

What is the counterstain used in mucicarmine?

A

metanil yellow

20
Q

What is the purpose of using colloidal iron?

A

To demonstrate;
- acid mucins
- cryptococcus neoformans
- carboxylated and sulfated mucopolysaccharides
- glycoproteins

21
Q

What is the principle of colloidal iron?

A

Histochemical reaction

22
Q

Which fixatives are idea for colloidal iron?

A
  • NBF
  • Carnoy’s
23
Q

what is the purpose of congo red?

A

demonstrate amyloid deposits in tissue sections.

24
Q

Which fixatives should be avoided with colloidal iron?

A

Chromate fixatives

25
Q

What will acid mucopolysaccharides look like after using colloidal iron?

A

deep blue

26
Q

What is the counterstain used in colloidal iron?

A

pink / red

27
Q

What is the principle which congo red uses?

A

Chemical theory

28
Q

What is the ideal fixative to use when staining with congo red?

A
  • Alcohol
  • NBF
29
Q

What will amyloid look like when stained with congo red?

A

Pink

30
Q

What will nuclei look like when stained with congo red?

A

Blue

31
Q

What is the purpose of staining with crystal violet in carbohydrate demonstrations?

A

Rapid screening to demonstrate amyloid

32
Q

What is the principle in which crystal violet works?

A

Monochromatic staining

33
Q

What is the idea fixative to use when staining with crystal violet?

A

NBF

34
Q

What section width should be used for crystal violet methods?

A

10 - 12 microns

35
Q

If you want to preserve a slide stained with crystal violet, how would you do it?

A
  • Aqueous mounting media
  • Seal the edges
36
Q

What will amyloid look like after staining with crystal violet?

A

Purple

37
Q

What is the purpose of staining with Thioflavine?

A

Demonstrate amyloid

38
Q

What is the principle in which thioflavine works?

A

Fluorescence

39
Q

In order to see the amyloid fluoresce using thioflavine what must you do first?

A

Quench the background with alum hematoxylin

40
Q

what is the ideal fixative to use with thioflavine method?

A

NBF

41
Q

What size of sections should be used with the thioflavine technique?

A

6 - 10 microns

42
Q

What will amyloid look like after stained with thioflavine?

A

fluorescent yellow / yellow- green

histology exam (8 decks)

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