CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
Most abundant organic molecules in nature
CARBOHYDRATES
are the major food and energy source of
the body and are stored primarily in the two most
Carbohydrates
carbohydrates are stored primarily in the two most
important systems:
Liver and muscle glycogen
Show a linear structure
Fischer projection
Shows a cyclic structure as viewed from the
side showing the stereochemistry or location of
the attached molecules to the monosaccharide
ring
Haworth projection
Possible to have a boat type confirmation
where C1 is tilted upwards in the same
direction as the C4 which is less common
Chair confirmation
One sugar unit
Monosaccharides
Two sugar units
Disaccharides
chaining of two or ten sugar units
Oligosaccharides
More than 10 units of sugar molecule
Polysaccharides:
Major energy source
glucose
The storage form of energy
glycogen
Component of the cell membranes
glycoprotein
Structural components in______
plants, bacteria and insect
carbohydrates containing compound _______ (3)
C, H, O
Give me the four number of sugar units
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides
MDOP
monosaccharides example:
Glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharides example:
Maltose, lactose, sucrose
Polysaccharides example:
starch and glycogen
Each sugar molecule is together by:
glycosidic bond
3 carbons
Trioses
4 carbons
Tetroses
5 carbons
pentoses
6 carbons
hexoses
7 carbons
heptoses
Monosaccharides (hexoses)
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Mannose
GFGM
Mono-saccharides
(Pentoses)
Ribose
Ribulose
Xylulose
RRX
2 forms of carbohydrate are
aldoses and ketoses
The functional group of aldose is
aldehyde
Carbonyl carbon at the end
Aldose
The functional group of ketone is
ketone
Carbonyl carbon at any other position
ketose
example of ketose
fructose
carbonyl group is at the end
Glucose
carbonyl group is at the end
Glucose
is located in any other position
except the terminal or end part
ketoses carbonyl group
________ = tip
aldose
__________= any position except terminal
ketose
Sturdy of spatial arrange of an atom; 3D or 4D
configuration of a carbohydrate; how the molecules are
being arranged in a 3D or 4D configuration
Stereochemistry of the compound
Compounds that have the same chemical
formula
Isomers
Isomers that differ in configuration around only
one specific carbon atom (except the carbonyl
carbon)
Epimers
__________ are all isomers of one another because they
have the same formula C6H12O6
glucose, fructose, galactose, and mannose
GFGM
glucose and galactose (differ only in
position of -OH in C4) glucose and mannose
(differ only in position of -OH in C2
epimers
__________ = differ only -OH in C4
Glucose and Galactose
___________= differ only -OH in C2
Glucose and Mannose
Optical isomers or stereoisomers
Enantiomers
Pairs of structures that are mirror images of
each other
Enantiomers
___________ are designated as a D-sugar
(Dextrorotatory) and an L-sugar (Levorotatory)
enantiomers
___________ are more common
D-sugars
In aqueous solutions, monosaccharides with
five or more carbon atoms in the backbone
occur predominantly as cyclic (ring) structures
anomers
monosaccharide structure with a
five-membered ring
Furanose
monosaccharide structure with a
six-membered ring
Pyranose
Rotation around the carbonyl carbon produces
anomers, which are labeled a (alpha) and b
(beta) anomers
anomers
can be identified by identifying the carbonyl
atom
Anomere
(if below ang OH
Label alpha
If above ang OH
beta
Same chemical formula regardless of structure
Isomers
Same itsura but naiiba lang ang position OH ng
isang carbon
Epimers
Mirror images
Enantiomer
Na flip lang ang position ng OH
Enantiomer