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CLIN CHEM LEC > BLOOD GASES > Flashcards

BLOOD GASES Flashcards

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1
Q

Is a substance that can
yield a hydrogen ion
(H+) when dissolved in
water

A

Acid

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2
Q

Is a substance that can
yield hydroxyl ions
(OH-) when dissolved
in water

A

Base

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3
Q

Relative strengths of acids and bases – their ability
to dissociate in water

A
  • Dissociation Constant (K value)
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4
Q

H+

A

weak acid
strong acid

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5
Q

OH-

A

weak base
strong base

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6
Q

Have pK values of less than _______

A
  • Strong Acids - 3.0
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7
Q
  • Raising the pH above the pK will cause it to
    dissociate and yield a H+
A
  • Strong Acids
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8
Q
  • Have pK values of greater than ______
A

9.0 - strong base

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9
Q
  • Combination of a weak acid or weak base and its
    salt
  • Resists changes in pH
A

Buffer

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10
Q

Pressure or tension exerted by CO2 gas dissolved in
blood
* An index of efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs
* Not a measure of CO2 concentration in the blood

A
  • Partial Pressure of CO2 (pCO2)
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11
Q
  • ______ – _____ mm Hg
A
  • Partial Pressure of CO2 (pCO2) - 35 -45mm/hg
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12
Q
  • Total CO2 Content
  • Refers to the total concentration of CO2 in the blood
  • Consisting of ionized (HCO3-, CO3-, carbamino
    compound) and unionized fraction (H2CO3) and
    physically dissolved CO2
A
  • Total Carbon Dioxide Concentration
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13
Q

_________ mmol/L

A
  • 23 – 27 - Total Carbon Dioxide Concentration
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14
Q

The bicarbonate ion concentration in the blood that
has been equilibrated with CO2 at ____mm Hg at ____oC

_______ mmol/L

A

.Bicarbonate Ion Concentration

40 at 37 degrees celcius

22-26 mmol/L

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15
Q

pH at which the
protonated and
unprotonated forms
are present in equal
conc.

A

pKa

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16
Q

<7.35

A

acidosis or acidemia

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17
Q

> 7.45

A

alkalosis or alkalemia

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18
Q

– process in the body

A

osis

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19
Q

-emia

A

state in blood

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20
Q

refers to the process in the body or the
blood which causes the pH of the blood to increase or decrease

A

→ Acidosis / Alkalosis

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21
Q

means that your blood is acidic or alkalotic

A

→ Acidemia / Alkalemia

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22
Q

● In measurement of _________ are measured
parameters, while Bicarbonate ion concentration is a calculated __________

A

blood gases, pH, pCO2, and pO2
parameter

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23
Q

The main sample used in blood gases is _________________

A

ARTERIAL BLOOD

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24
Q

● index of the acidity or alkalinity of the blood
● it is inversely proportional to your hydrogen ion
concentration

A

pH

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25
Q

______ is directly proportional to the blood pH

A

Bicarbonate

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26
Q

related to the acidity of the blood

A

Hydrogen:

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27
Q

related to the capacity of the blood to become basic

A

Bicarbonate

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28
Q

→ this means that the__________ present in the blood,
the lesser the blood pH, and vice versa

A

more hydrogen ions

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29
Q

pH is ____________ to your hydrogen ion
concentration

A

inversely proportional

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30
Q

will cause alterations in the rates of chemical
reactions within the cell and affect the many metabolic
processes of the body

A

increase H+

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31
Q

36 – 44 nmol/L (pH 7.34 – 7.44)

A

Normal

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32
Q

increase H+ → Can lead to alterations in ______ (6)

A

consciousness, neuromuscular
irritability, tetany, coma, and death

CNITCD

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33
Q

→ ______ = proton acceptor (HCOs)
→ ______ = proton donor or weak acid (H2CO3)
→ ______= pH at which there is an equal concentration of protonated and unprotonated species

A

A, HA, pK’

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34
Q

_______ = pK’ of HCO3
_________ = the value for the combination of
the solubility constant for pCO2 and the factor to convert mm Hg to mmol/L

A

6.1
0.0307 mmol/L/mm Hg

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35
Q

→ Bronsted-Lowry’s definition of acid
▪ Acid is a substance that can _________ in the reaction

A

donate a proton (H+)

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36
Q

Acid is _________
base is ___________

A

Unprotonated
protonated

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37
Q

→ Bronsted-Lowry’s definition of base:
▪ Base is a substance that _________ in the reaction

A

accepts a proton

38
Q

→ -log of the ionization constant

A

pK’

39
Q

→ Dissociates completely

A

● Strong acids

40
Q

→ Some will dissociate

A

Strong bases

41
Q

→ Ratio of dissociated ions to the original acid

A

dissociation constant (k values)

42
Q

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRONG AND WEAK
ACIDS/BASES?

When strong acid dissociates, it dissociates ___________
● In the case of weak acids, SOME will dissociate, while others ________

A

COMPLETELY
do not

43
Q

→ First line of defense

A

● Buffer Systems

44
Q

➢ Plays a role in both plasma and red blood cells

A

▪ Phosphate buffer system

45
Q

→ For the buffer system in the intracellular fluid, this includes the

A

Phosphate buffer system and Protein buffer systems
PBS
PBS

46
Q

Includes hemoglobin buffer system, amino acid buffers, and
plasma protein buffers
HAP

A

protein buffer system

47
Q

❖ Acts as a buffer by transporting hydrogen ions from peripheral tissues to the lungs

A

♦ Hemoglobin buffer system

48
Q

Most circulating proteins have a net negative charge,
which means that proteins are capable of binding with hydrogen ions.

❖ If you have too much hydrogen ions inside your body, it would indicate that your blood is acidic, the proteins will now bind with you hydrogen ions to regulate your blood pH

A

♦ Plasma protein buffers

49
Q

➢ considered as the main buffer system of the extracellular fluid

A

▪ Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

50
Q

The following organs are the main organs which participate in the
regulation of the acid-base status in the body

_________ and __________

A

lungs and kidney

51
Q

_________ : Respiratory component
__________: Metabolic component

A

Lungs and kidney

52
Q

________= equilibrium between H2CO3 and CO2 in plasma
__________= proportional to the pCO2
___________= are measured in blood gas analysis

A

1:800
cH2CO3
pH and PCO2

53
Q

→ pH less than 7.35 – 7.45
→ Reflects excess acid or H+ concentration

A

ACIDEMIA

54
Q

→ pH greater than 7.35 – 7.45
→ Reflects excess base

A

● ALKALEMIA

55
Q

Normal ratio: _________ (bicarbonate : carbonic acid)

A

20:1

56
Q

→ Caused by ventilatory dysfunction (a change in pCO2

A

● Primary Respiratory Disorder (PRD)

57
Q

→ Resulting from a change in the HCO3 -
ion level

A

● Metabolic (Nonrespiratory) Disorder (MND)

58
Q

→ The body tries to restore acid-base homeostasis whenever
an imbalance occurs

A

Compensation

59
Q

Body accomplishes this by altering the factor not primarily
affected by the pathologic processes
▪ If the imbalance is of metabolic origin, the body
compensates by altering the ventilation

A

Compensation

60
Q

→ For disturbances of the RESPIRATORY COMPONENT, the
kidneys compensate by selectively excreting or reabsorbing
anions and cations

A

lungs

61
Q

→_______ can compensate immediately, but the response is
short term and often incomplete

A

lungs

62
Q

________ are slower to respond (2-4 days), however, the
response is long term and potentially complete

A
63
Q

→ Implies that the pH has returned to the normal range (the
20:1 ratio has been restored)

A

fully compensated

64
Q

→ Implies that the pH is approaching normal

A

partially completed

65
Q

There are times wherein the compensation may return the ratio to
normal, but the primary abnormality or disorder is not _________

A

corrected

66
Q

Decrease in bicarbonate, resulting in a decreased pH as a
result of the ratio for the nonrespiratory to respiratory
component less than 20:1
● PCO2 is ________

A

Primary metabolic acidosis
normal

67
Q

In hyperventilation, the breathing rate increases for it to exhale more
__________ and the level of________ will decrease

A

CO2
PCO2

68
Q

Results from a decrease in alveolar ventilation (hypoventilation),
causing a decreased elimination of CO2 by the lungs
● pCO2 is __________

A

primary respiratory acidosis

69
Q

→ destructive changes in the airways and alveolar walls
increase the size of the alveolar air spaces, with the resultant
reduction of the lung surface area available for gas exchange

As a result, CO2 is retained in the blood, causing ___________

A

● Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD)

chronic hypercarbia

70
Q

→ gas exchange is impeded because of the secretions, WBCs,
bacteria, and fibrin in the alveoli

A

Bronchopneumonia

71
Q

→ caused by drugs, mechanical obstruction, and asphyxiation,
will increase blood pCO2
levels

A

● Bronchopneumonia

72
Q

→ less blood presented to the lungs for gas exchange, and
therefore, an elevated pCO2

A

● Decreased cardiac output (CHF)

73
Q

● Results from a gain in HCO3-
, causing an increase in the
nonrespiratory component and increase in the pH

A

B.1 Primary Metabolic Alkalosis

74
Q

● Results from an increased rate of alveolar ventilation causing
excessive elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs

A

Primary Respiratory Alkalosis

75
Q

Popular treatment for hysterical hyperventilation:

A

: breathing into a paper bag

76
Q

→ consume oxygen, leading to a false decrease in the pO2

A

● Bacterial contamination

77
Q

(amount of current flow)

A

Amperometric

78
Q

(Change in voltage)

A

Potentiometric

79
Q

refers to the process in the body
which causes the pH of the blood to increase or
decrease

A

Acidosis / Alkalosis

80
Q

pO2 -
pH -
pCO2

A
  • decrease by 7%
    decrease by 0.015
    increase by 3%
81
Q

Samples are stable for only ______ minutes at room temperature

A

15 minutes

82
Q

→ If ever the specimen is allowed to stand at room temperature for
more than _____ minutes, there will be glycolysis, thus falsely

A

30 minutes

83
Q

Specimen collection for ABG is done by _________ , not
by medical technologists

A

respiratory therapists

84
Q

___________ with the use of ice chips to
prevent O2 consumption by the RBC and release of acidic
metabolites

A

Blood samples should be chilled

85
Q

the main site which retains the kidney is the

A

PROXIMAL
CONVOLUTED TUBULE

86
Q

The carbon dioxide in the plasma will diffuse into the tubule, this will
then combine with a water to become _________

A

carbonic acid

87
Q

the enzyme responsible for the production of carbonic acid from
carbon dioxide and water is the __________

A

Carbonic anhydrase

88
Q

if the hydrogen ion binds with ammonia, its end product
would be

A

ammonium

89
Q

If the hydrogen ion binds with the monohydrogen
phosphate, the end product would be ___________

A

Dihydrogen phosphate

90
Q

The end product will be excreted through the __________

A

urine

91
Q

Bicarbonate will be reabsorbed in the _________

A

blood

92
Q

▪ Hydrogen ions will go the the ___________

A

lumen of the tubule

CLIN CHEM LEC (13 decks)

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