Carb metabolism

Question 1

Carb metabolism overview

Answer 1

A Glycogen synthesis and breakdown
B Glycolysis and fermentation
C Gluconeogenesis
D Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 2

Difference between Allosteric regulation in skeleton muscle and liver

Answer 2

Atp,ADP only have regularly function in skeleton muscle

Question 3

what is glycolysis?

Answer 3

Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy.It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH and water. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen.

Question 4

product of glycolysis?

Answer 4

2pyruvate,2 ATP, 2NADH and 2water.

Question 5

where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 5

cytoplasm

Question 6

does glycolysis need oxygen?

Answer 6

no

Question 7

Glycolysis net reaction

Answer 7

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ —->2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

Question 8

glycolysis pathway

Answer 8

glucose—>G-6-P—>pyruvate

Question 9

how is Carbohydrate stored as glycogen

Answer 9

G-6-P—>G-1-P—>Glycogen

Question 10

energy source for glycogen synthesis

Answer 10

UTP

Question 11

how is glycogen synthase is Allosteric regulated at skeletal muscle?

Answer 11

ATP allosteric activates glycogen synthase

Question 12

how is glycogen phosphorylase allosteric regulated at skeletal muscle

Answer 12

allosteric activator: AMP
allosteric inhibitor: G-6-P

Question 13

how is glycogen synthase is Allosteric regulated at liver

Answer 13

allosteric activator: G-6-P

Question 14

how is glycogen phosphorylase allosteric regulated at liver?

Answer 14

allosteric inhibitior: glucose

Question 15

ATP,AMP could have allosteric regulation function at both skeletal muscle and liver, yes or no?

Answer 15

wrong, Neither ATP nor AMP are regulators in liver, only in skeletal muscle.

Question 16

glycogen metabolism is regulated by both allosteric and covalent, yes or no

Question 17

Phosphorylation in muscle and liver enzymes

Answer 17

Glucogen synthase active without phospho group

Glucogen phosphorylase active with phospho group

Question 18

hormone and glycogen metabolism regulation

Question 19

Glycogen metabolism: influence of insulin

Question 20

Glycogen metabolism: influence of glucagon

Question 21

where the products from glycolysis go?

Answer 21

pyruvate: citrate acid cycle
ATP: can be used directly
NADH: electron transport chain

Question 22

3 key steps in glycolysis flux(big ΔG drop)

Answer 22

Step 1: hexokinase
Step 3: phosphofructokinase
Step 10: pyruvate kinase

Question 23

regulation of phosphofructokinase during glycolysis

Answer 23

inhibitor: citrate and ATP柠檬酸特别注意
activator: AMP, ADP, Pi, Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate(↑ by insulin)

Question 24

Fermentation takes place when oxygen is absent and metabolism can’t go alone after glycolysis

Question 25

2 fermentation strategy

Answer 25

lactate
ethanol

Question 26

lactate fermentation

Answer 26

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi —> 2 Lactate + 2 ATP

Question 27

ethanol fermentation

Answer 27

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi —> 2 Ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP

Question 28

gluconeogenesis net reaction

Answer 28

2 Pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2 NADH —> Glucose + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 Pi + 2 NAD+

Question 29

Regulation of gluconeogenesis

Answer 29

Fructose bisphosphatase

Question 30

how is Fructose bisphosphatase regulated

Answer 30

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate(↑ by insulin)
AMP

Question 31

Regulation of F6P and F1,6P cycle

Answer 31

F-6-P –> F-1,6-P: activator: ADP; AMP; F-2,6-P; ATP; Pi
inhibitor: ATP, citrate
F-1,6-P –> F-6-P: inhibitor: AMP, F-2,6-P

Question 32

Synthesis of F6P and F1,6P never favoured simultaneously, true or false

Answer 32

true

Question 33

what is pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 33

The PPP is a multienzyme pathway that shares a common starting molecule with glycolysis, glucose-6-phosphat,Uses glucose-6-phosphate to make NADPH

Question 34

why is the pentose phosphate pathway important?

Answer 34

The PPP is important to maintain carbon homoeostasis, to provide precursors for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis, to provide reducing molecules for anabolism, and to defeat oxidative stress.PPP 对于维持碳稳态、为核苷酸和氨基酸生物合成提供前体、为合成代谢提供还原分子以及克服氧化应激非常重要。