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Section 2 > Carb Metabolism 1 > Flashcards

Carb Metabolism 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic formula of a carb?

A

C(H20)n

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2
Q

Sugars with more then 5 carbons form what?

A

a ring structure

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3
Q

Describe the B-configuration of glucose?

A

C1 hydroxyl is on the same side of the ring of the C6 carbon

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4
Q

A-configuration of glucose?

A

C1 hydroxyl group is on the opposite side of C6 C

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5
Q

What is important about mutarotation?

A

explains the damaging effects from the reducing power of glucose: in the open chain form, sugars can reduce proteins by forming a covalent bond with amino acids on the surface of proteins –> glycosylation products

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6
Q

Early glycosylation productions undergo slow changes and form what?

A

AGES: advanced glycation endproducts

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7
Q

Explain glycation of hemoglobin?

A

forms HbA1c; thus, hbA1c can be used as a measure to determine how well a diabetic patient has been compliant in controlling the blood sugar

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8
Q

How are sugar and urine tests related?

A

you can use the reducing power of sugars to test for presence of sugar in the urine; sugars reduce a substrate which then develops a color

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9
Q

Explain how Glucose is modified by reduction. (2 products)

A
  1. Glucose reduced to sorbitol –> responsible for complications in diabetes
  2. Glucose –> glucose 6 phos reduced to inositolphosphate which is required for phospholipids and signaling
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10
Q

What’s the little trick to remember what glucose gets oxidized and reduced into?

A

Reduction of glucose yields hexitol (sorbitol, inositol)

Oxidation of glucose yields acids and ketones (uronic acid and lactone)

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11
Q

Oxidation of Glucose products? (2)

A

Glucose 6 phosphate –> oxidized on C1 00> phosphogluconolactone –> metabolized in PPP to riboses, CO2 and NADPH

Glucose 6 Phosphate –> UDP-Glucose –> oxidized on C6 to UDP-Glucuronic Acid –> consumed in liver for detoxification of hydrophobic compounds

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12
Q

If UDP-GLucose gets oxidized on C6, what is formed?

A

UDP-Glucuronic Acid

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13
Q

If Gluc 6 Phos gets oxidized on C1, what is formed?

A

Phosphogluconolactone

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14
Q

Phosphorylation of Glucose?

A

makes glu 6 phosphate via hexokinase (or by glucokinase in the liver)

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15
Q

Glucosamine synthesis starts from what?

A

fruc 6 phosphate

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16
Q

What important fact do you need to remember about sulfation of sugars?

A

sulfation can occur at different positions on the ring, even in more than one position

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17
Q

Sulfates add what type of charge to a molecule?

A

negative

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18
Q

What are 5 ways in which glucose can be modified?

A
  1. reduction –> hexitols
  2. oxidation –> ketones and acids
  3. phosphorylation –> gluc 6 phos
  4. amination –> glucosamine from fruc 6 phosphate
  5. sulfation on different positions of the carb; C2, C4, C6
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19
Q

Nutrasweet is actually what?

A

aspartame

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20
Q

Aspartame is metabolized to what AA?

A

phenylalanine and aspartate

21
Q

What is Sweent n low?

A

Saccharine; not a sugar; not metabolized and secreted in the feces or urine

22
Q

What is Splenda?

A

Sucralose; aka sucrose; 15% gets ingested and the other is not metabolised. ok for diabetics

23
Q

Why is activation of sugars important?

A

it prepares the sugar for the formation of a glycosidic bond

24
Q

What are the 2 main steps of formation of a glycosidic bond?

A
  1. sugar-phosphate is linked with a nucleotide triphophase to form a NDP-sugar
  2. NDP-sugar transfers the carb to the target molecule (step catayzed by glycosyltransferases
25
What catalyzes the transfer of a carb from NDP-sugar to a target molecule?
glycosyltransferases
26
What are the 2 most important activated sugars you need to care about?
1. UDP-glucose (required for synthesis of glycogen) | 2. UDP-glucuronic acid (required for liver detox reactions)
27
How do we make UDP-glucose? (1 step)
Glucose 1-P + UTP --> UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase --> UDP Glucose
28
What 2 antibiotics act as glycosyltransferase inhibitors?
1. echinocandins (caspofungin) --> prevent synthesis of fungal cell wall B-glucan 2. ethambutol --> tuberculosis
29
Maltose broken down into?
glucose and glucose
30
Lactose broken down into?
galactose and glucose
31
Glucose and glucose makes what sugar?
maltose
32
Sucrose broken down into?
glucose and fructose
33
Galactose and glucose make what?
lactose
34
Glucose and fructose make?
sucrose
35
a-linked polysaccharides are synthesized as a ____ form of glucose?
storage | energy storae
36
What are 2 examples of storage glucoses? What type of bonds do these contain?
glycogen and starch a, 1-4 and a, 1-6
37
Starch consists of what 2 things?
amylose and amylopectin
38
B-linked polysaccharides are synthesized for what purpose?
structural support
39
What are the 3 main breakdown products of maltose?
maltotriose glucose a-limit dextrin
40
What is the significance of raffinose?
cannot be digested by humans and intestinal bacteria yield lots of gas
41
What are the 6 glucose transporters and where are they found?
1. Na+/Glucose symporter (SGLT 1): SI 2. GLUT 1: all tissues 3. GLUT 2: liver, intestine and B-cells of pancrease 4. GLUT 3: all tissues 5. GLUT 4: muscle and adipose tissue 6. GLUT 5: small intestine, liver, other tissues
42
NA/Glucose symporter (SGLT1) function?
active transport of glucose and galactose from intestinal lumen into epithelial cells
43
What is the function of Glut1?
basal glucose/galactose uptake
44
What transporter is involved in the active transport of glucose and galactose from intestinal lumen into epithelial cells
SGLT1
45
Function of Glut 2?
liver; removal of glucose/galactose from blood intestine: release of glucose/galactose from epithelial cells into circulation pancreas: regulation of insulin secretion
46
GLut 3 function?
basal glucose/galactose uptake
47
Glut 4 function?
amount increases with endurance training and can be translocated to the cell surface (induced by insulin)
48
GLut 5 function?
uptake of fructose
49
What Glut transporter is induced by insulin?
Glut 4

Section 2 (10 decks)

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