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Section 2 > Carb Metabolism 1 > Flashcards

Carb Metabolism 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic formula of a carb?

A

C(H20)n

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2
Q

Sugars with more then 5 carbons form what?

A

a ring structure

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3
Q

Describe the B-configuration of glucose?

A

C1 hydroxyl is on the same side of the ring of the C6 carbon

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4
Q

A-configuration of glucose?

A

C1 hydroxyl group is on the opposite side of C6 C

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5
Q

What is important about mutarotation?

A

explains the damaging effects from the reducing power of glucose: in the open chain form, sugars can reduce proteins by forming a covalent bond with amino acids on the surface of proteins –> glycosylation products

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6
Q

Early glycosylation productions undergo slow changes and form what?

A

AGES: advanced glycation endproducts

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7
Q

Explain glycation of hemoglobin?

A

forms HbA1c; thus, hbA1c can be used as a measure to determine how well a diabetic patient has been compliant in controlling the blood sugar

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8
Q

How are sugar and urine tests related?

A

you can use the reducing power of sugars to test for presence of sugar in the urine; sugars reduce a substrate which then develops a color

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9
Q

Explain how Glucose is modified by reduction. (2 products)

A
  1. Glucose reduced to sorbitol –> responsible for complications in diabetes
  2. Glucose –> glucose 6 phos reduced to inositolphosphate which is required for phospholipids and signaling
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10
Q

What’s the little trick to remember what glucose gets oxidized and reduced into?

A

Reduction of glucose yields hexitol (sorbitol, inositol)

Oxidation of glucose yields acids and ketones (uronic acid and lactone)

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11
Q

Oxidation of Glucose products? (2)

A

Glucose 6 phosphate –> oxidized on C1 00> phosphogluconolactone –> metabolized in PPP to riboses, CO2 and NADPH

Glucose 6 Phosphate –> UDP-Glucose –> oxidized on C6 to UDP-Glucuronic Acid –> consumed in liver for detoxification of hydrophobic compounds

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12
Q

If UDP-GLucose gets oxidized on C6, what is formed?

A

UDP-Glucuronic Acid

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13
Q

If Gluc 6 Phos gets oxidized on C1, what is formed?

A

Phosphogluconolactone

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14
Q

Phosphorylation of Glucose?

A

makes glu 6 phosphate via hexokinase (or by glucokinase in the liver)

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15
Q

Glucosamine synthesis starts from what?

A

fruc 6 phosphate

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16
Q

What important fact do you need to remember about sulfation of sugars?

A

sulfation can occur at different positions on the ring, even in more than one position

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17
Q

Sulfates add what type of charge to a molecule?

A

negative

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18
Q

What are 5 ways in which glucose can be modified?

A
  1. reduction –> hexitols
  2. oxidation –> ketones and acids
  3. phosphorylation –> gluc 6 phos
  4. amination –> glucosamine from fruc 6 phosphate
  5. sulfation on different positions of the carb; C2, C4, C6
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19
Q

Nutrasweet is actually what?

A

aspartame

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20
Q

Aspartame is metabolized to what AA?

A

phenylalanine and aspartate

21
Q

What is Sweent n low?

A

Saccharine; not a sugar; not metabolized and secreted in the feces or urine

22
Q

What is Splenda?

A

Sucralose; aka sucrose; 15% gets ingested and the other is not metabolised. ok for diabetics

23
Q

Why is activation of sugars important?

A

it prepares the sugar for the formation of a glycosidic bond

24
Q

What are the 2 main steps of formation of a glycosidic bond?

A
  1. sugar-phosphate is linked with a nucleotide triphophase to form a NDP-sugar
  2. NDP-sugar transfers the carb to the target molecule (step catayzed by glycosyltransferases
25
Q

What catalyzes the transfer of a carb from NDP-sugar to a target molecule?

A

glycosyltransferases

26
Q

What are the 2 most important activated sugars you need to care about?

A
  1. UDP-glucose (required for synthesis of glycogen)

2. UDP-glucuronic acid (required for liver detox reactions)

27
Q

How do we make UDP-glucose? (1 step)

A

Glucose 1-P + UTP –> UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase –> UDP Glucose

28
Q

What 2 antibiotics act as glycosyltransferase inhibitors?

A
  1. echinocandins (caspofungin) –> prevent synthesis of fungal cell wall B-glucan
  2. ethambutol –> tuberculosis
29
Q

Maltose broken down into?

A

glucose and glucose

30
Q

Lactose broken down into?

A

galactose and glucose

31
Q

Glucose and glucose makes what sugar?

A

maltose

32
Q

Sucrose broken down into?

A

glucose and fructose

33
Q

Galactose and glucose make what?

A

lactose

34
Q

Glucose and fructose make?

A

sucrose

35
Q

a-linked polysaccharides are synthesized as a ____ form of glucose?

A

storage

energy storae

36
Q

What are 2 examples of storage glucoses? What type of bonds do these contain?

A

glycogen and starch a, 1-4 and a, 1-6

37
Q

Starch consists of what 2 things?

A

amylose and amylopectin

38
Q

B-linked polysaccharides are synthesized for what purpose?

A

structural support

39
Q

What are the 3 main breakdown products of maltose?

A

maltotriose
glucose
a-limit dextrin

40
Q

What is the significance of raffinose?

A

cannot be digested by humans and intestinal bacteria yield lots of gas

41
Q

What are the 6 glucose transporters and where are they found?

A
  1. Na+/Glucose symporter (SGLT 1): SI
  2. GLUT 1: all tissues
  3. GLUT 2: liver, intestine and B-cells of pancrease
  4. GLUT 3: all tissues
  5. GLUT 4: muscle and adipose tissue
  6. GLUT 5: small intestine, liver, other tissues
42
Q

NA/Glucose symporter (SGLT1) function?

A

active transport of glucose and galactose from intestinal lumen into epithelial cells

43
Q

What is the function of Glut1?

A

basal glucose/galactose uptake

44
Q

What transporter is involved in the active transport of glucose and galactose from intestinal lumen into epithelial cells

A

SGLT1

45
Q

Function of Glut 2?

A

liver; removal of glucose/galactose from blood

intestine: release of glucose/galactose from epithelial cells into circulation
pancreas: regulation of insulin secretion

46
Q

GLut 3 function?

A

basal glucose/galactose uptake

47
Q

Glut 4 function?

A

amount increases with endurance training and can be translocated to the cell surface (induced by insulin)

48
Q

GLut 5 function?

A

uptake of fructose

49
Q

What Glut transporter is induced by insulin?

A

Glut 4

Section 2 (10 decks)

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