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Section 2 > Acetyl CoA and the CAC > Flashcards

Acetyl CoA and the CAC Flashcards

1
Q

What is the metabolic fuel for the CAC?

A

acetyl CoA

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2
Q

acetate+coenzyme A =?

A

acetyl CoA

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3
Q

What 3 things make up coenzyme A?

A
  1. AMP with extra P group attached to ribose
  2. phosphorylated pantothentic acid (B5)
  3. mercaptoethyalimine
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4
Q

The reduced thiol (SH) in coASH can react with what to form what type of linkages?

A

react with carboxyl groups to form thioester linkages

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5
Q

Acetyl Coa can be formed from what 3 things? Acetyl Coa in turn can be used for what 4 processes?

A

carbs, lipids, amino acids

  1. CAC
  2. Fatty acid biosynthesis: TAG, Phospholipids
  3. Ketone Body formation
  4. Cholesterol biosynthesis: steroid hormones, bile acids, vit D
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6
Q

Biochemical reaction for oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate?

A

Pyruvate + NAD+ + COASH –> PDH –> acetyl CoA + NADH + CO2 + H+

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7
Q

What 3 enzymes make up the PDH complex?

A 
pyruvate decarboxylate: (Ena)
dihydrolipoyl transacetylase (Enb)
dihydrolipoyl DH (EnC)
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8
Q

What is vitamin B1?

A

thiamine

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9
Q

Where is the PDH complex located?

A

mitochondrial matrix

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10
Q

Where is the pyruvate from glycolysis generated?

A

in the cytosol

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11
Q

Where is the protein translocase for pyruvate located?

A

in the inner mit membrane

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12
Q

What are the 5 coenzymes for the PDH complex?

A

2 soluble: Coa and NAD+

3 tighly bond: TPP, lipoamide, FAD

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13
Q

What 4 B vits are required for PDH complex?

A
  1. Pantothenic acid (B5) - CoAsh
  2. Thiamin (B1) - TPP
  3. Niacin (B3)- NAD+
  4. Riboflavin (B2) (FAD)
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14
Q

What is riboflavin required for?

A

it is B2.. and FAD needs it

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15
Q

What is B2?

A

riboflavin

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16
Q

What B vitamin does NAD+ require?

A

niacin

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17
Q

Draw out the steps of the CAC!!! anddddd GO :)

A

:)

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18
Q

What 3 steps produce NADH?

A
  1. isocitrate + NAD+ –> isocit DH –> aKG + NADH+CO2+H
  2. aKG + CoASH+ NAD+ –> aKG DH –> succinyl-COA + CO2 + NADH+ H+
  3. malate + NAD+ –> mal DH –> OAA + NADH + H
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19
Q

What CAC step produces GTP?

A
  1. succinyl-COA + GDP –> succinyl COA synthetase –> succinate + GTP
20
Q

What step in the CAC utilizes water?

A
  1. Fumurate + H20 –> fumarase –> malate
21
Q

CO2 is produced in what 2 steps?

A
  1. isocitrate + NAD+ –> iso DH –> aKG + NADH + CO2 + H+

4. aKG + CoASH + NAD+ –> akg DH –> sucinnyl COA + NADH + H+ CO2

22
Q

What step in the CAC produces FADH?

A
  1. succinate + FAD –> suc DH –> fumurate + FADH2
23
Q

How many ATP are produced from the CAC?

A

12 ATP total

11 from Oxidative Phos:
3 NADH produced –> 3 x 3 ATP : 9 ATP
1 FADH2 produced –> 1 x 2 ATP: 2 ATP

1 ATP from substrate-level Phosphorylation

24
Q

How many ATPS can be produced from each molecule of Pyruvate?

25
Q

How many ATPS can be formed from each glucose molecule?

26
Q

Citrate can be utilized to make what?

A

acetyl coa –> fatty acids: sterols

27
Q

AKG can make what?

A

Glutamate –> amino acids (purines)

28
Q

Succinyl-CoA can make what?

A

porphyrins (hemes, cytochromes)

29
Q

malate can be used to make what?

A

Pyruvate–> alanine

30
Q

OAA can make what?

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate –> Glucose

Aspartate –> AA, urea, purines, pyrimidines

31
Q

Aspartate can be made from what CAC product?

32
Q

What CAC product can make glutamate?

33
Q

What CAC product can indirectly make alanine?

34
Q

What 2 anaplerotic reactions are used to replenish OAA?

A
  1. Pyruvate + ATP + HCO3 –> pyr carboxylase –> OAA

2. Glutamate + NAHP” –> Glutamate DH–>a-KG + NADPH + NH4

35
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase requires what B vitamin?

36
Q

The PDH complex is inactivated by what process and what 4 things?

A

inactivated via phosphorylation (kinase)

acetyl-CoA
NADH
ATP
fatty acids

37
Q

The PDH complex is activated by what process and what 4 things?

A

activated via dephosphorylation

pyruvate
NAD+
ADP
CoASH

38
Q

What 2 enzymes are regulated in the CAC?

A

isocitrate DH

a-KG DH

39
Q

Isocitrate DH is regulated by what?

A

+ by ADP

- NADH

40
Q

a-KG is regulated by what?

A
  • succinyl-Coa and NADH
41
Q

Although a-KG complex is similar the the PDH complex is it not regulated by what processes?

A

phos/dephos

42
Q

PDH deficiency?

A

defects cause chronic lactic acidosis; this is because the pyruvate produced is reduced by NADH to lactate

43
Q

Thiamine deficiency?

A

B1 deficiency: required by both PDH and aKG;

elderly and the poor are susceptible; and alcoholics; loss of appetite, constipation, nausea, fatigue, mental depression and peripheral neuropathy; and wernicke korsakoff syndrome

44
Q

Beri-beri?

A

polished rice diets; dry: no fluid retention
wet: edema and cardiac failure

-beri beri can present with serum lactic acidemia

45
Q

What will result from CAC deficiencies?

A

serum lactic acidemia

46
Q

What are 3 ketone bodies that are formed in fasted and starvation in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes?

A
  1. acetoacetate
  2. b-hydroxybutyrate
  3. acetone

Section 2 (10 decks)

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