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Y3 - Reproductive > Cancers > Flashcards

Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

3 genetic causes of ovarian cancer

A

HNPCC

BRCA 1

BRCA 1

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2
Q

symptoms of ovarian cancer

A

Vague!!

bloating/ abdominal pain

indigestion/ early satiety/ poor appetite

pelvic mass (pressure symptoms)

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3
Q

what is the ovarian cancer tumour marker?

A

CA125

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4
Q

how do you calculate the RMI?

risk of malignancy index

A

U x M x CA125

ultrasound features x menopausal status

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5
Q

how do you diagnose ovarian cancer?

A

ovarian tumour marker (CA125)

CT scan

US scan of abdomen and pelvis

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6
Q

What cancer do you think of in regards to post menopausal bleeding?

A

endometrial

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7
Q

how do you diagnose endometrial cancer?

A

trans-vaginal USS

endometrial biopsy

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8
Q

how do you treat endometrial cancer (in a PMG situation)?

A

remove all reproductive organs

TLK - total laparoscopic hysterectomy
(BSO - bilateral salpingo oophorectomy)

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9
Q

what is the classification used to stage endometrial cancer?

A

FIGO

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10
Q

how do you stage endometrial cancer?

A

surgical/pathology

MRI (depth of myometrial invasion)

cervical involvement

lymph node involvement

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11
Q

what are the two types of endometrial cancer?

A

type 1 - endometrioid adenocarcinoma

type 2 - uterine serous and clear cell carcinoma

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12
Q

what type of endometrial cancer is the most common?

A

type 1 (endometrioid adenocarcinoma)

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13
Q

what type of endometrial cancer gives a worse prognosis (is more aggressive and high grade)?

A

type 2 (uterine serous and clear cell carcinoma)

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14
Q

Risk factors for endometrial cancer:

A

Post menopausal women

high circulating oestrogen levels (obesity, HRT, PCOS, early menarche/late menopause)

HNPCC

typical endometrial hyperplasia

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15
Q

what are risk factors for Cervical cancer?

A

45-55 y/o

HPV related (16 and 18)

multiple partners

early age at first intercourse

smoking

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16
Q

what types of HPV cause cervical cancer?

A

16 and 18

17
Q

cervical cancer symptoms:

A

abnormal vaginal bleeding

post coital bleeding

Intermenstrual bleeding

discharge

(pain)

18
Q

why do we screen for cervical cancer?

A

to detect PRECANCEROUS disease (not cervical cancer)

19
Q

what is the histology behind cervical cancer?

A

80% are squamous carcinoma

adenocarcinoma are rising in incidence

20
Q

how do you officially diagnose cervical cancer?

A

biopsy

21
Q

where do you take a biopsy from in cervical cancer?

what types of cells?

A

the transformation zone

both squamous and columnar epithelium

22
Q

local spread of cervical cancer:

A

vagina

lower vagina/ pelvis

bladder/ rectum

23
Q

metastatic spread of cervical cancer

A

lymphatic (pelvic nodes)

Blood (liver, lungs, bone)

24
Q

how do you stage cervical cancer?

what investigations

A

PET/ CT

MRI

25
Q

how do you treat cervical cancer?

A

excision of the transformation zone

hysterectomy

chemo/ radiotherapy

26
Q

how does vulval cancer present?

A

pain

itch

bleeding

lump/ulcer

27
Q

risk factors for vulval cancer:

A

cancer at another genital tract site

smoking

lichen sclerosis

immunosuppression

28
Q

HPV related vulval cancer:

A

Usual type VIN

younger women

multifocal/multizonal

immunosuppression

past history of intraepithelial neoplasia

29
Q

VIN

A

Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia

30
Q

CIN

A

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

31
Q

Non HPV related vulval cancer:

A

differentiated VIN

older women

lichen sclerosus

32
Q

what is lichen sclerosus?

A

white itchy patches on the genitals

can develop into vulval cancer

33
Q

how do you treat vulval cancer?

A

individualised surgery

local excision

unilateral and bilateral node dissection

radio and chemo

(also groin node excision etc)

34
Q

causes of hpv

A

Micro trauma to the epithelium

damage to the surface of the cervix epithelium

35
Q

HPV immunisation programme vaccinated who?

A

girls born after September 1990

36
Q

HPV screening:

A

molecular test on cells sampled from the cervix (taken from the transformation zone)

identifies high risk type HPV viral DNA or RNA

HISTOLOGY

37
Q

if the cytology of cervix is abnormal - what is this called?

A

dyskaryosis

Y3 - Reproductive (18 decks)

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