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Reproductive System > Cancer of the Lower Genital Tract > Flashcards

Cancer of the Lower Genital Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Which less common cancers can be caused by high-risk HPV?

A 
Cervical
Penile
Vulval/vaginal
Anal
Oral
Oropharangeal
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2
Q

Which types of HPV are related to cervical cancer?

A

16 and 18

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3
Q

Risks factors for cervical cancer

A

Peak age 45-55 years
HPV related (16 & 18) - and factors related to increased chance of infection
Smoking

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4
Q

Cervical cancer symptoms

A 
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Post coital bleeding
Intermenstrual bleeding/PMB
Discharge
(Pain)
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5
Q

Diagnosis of cervical cancer

A

Screen detected

Biopsy

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6
Q

What is the aim of screening?

A

To detect pre-cancerous disease, not cancer

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7
Q

CIN

A

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

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8
Q

What is CIN?

A

Cervical dysplasia

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9
Q

What type of cancer is it if the tumour invades stroma?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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10
Q

What are the categories of CIN?

A 
Low grade (CIN 1)
High grade (CIN 2 and 3)
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11
Q

What is the more common type of malignant cervical tumour?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (80%)

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12
Q

What is the less common type of malignant cervical tumour and its precursor lesion?

A

Adenocarcinoma

CGIN (Cervical Glandular Intra-epithelial Neoplasia)

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13
Q

Spread of cervical cancer (local)

A

Stage 2 - vagina (upper 2/3)
Stage 3 - lower vagina, pelvis
Stage 4 - bladder, rectum

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14
Q

Spread of cervical cancer (distant)

A

Lymphatic - pelvic nodes

Blood - liver, lungs, bone

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15
Q

Cervical cancer treatment

A

Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Caesium insertion (24 hours)
Radical hysterectomy

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16
Q

Radical hysterectomy

A 
Removal of:
Uterus, cervix, upper vagina
Parametria
Pelvic nodes
Ovaries conserved
17
Q

Risk factors for vulval cancer

A

Intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer at another lower genital tract site
Lichen sclerosus
Smoking
Immunosuppression

18
Q

Vulval cancer lymph node involvement

A

Inguinal and upper femoral

Pelvic

19
Q

VIN

A

Vulval intra-epithelial neoplasia

20
Q

What is VIN?

A

Abnormal proliferation of squamous epithelium; can progress to carcinoma

21
Q

What are the types of VIN?

A 
Usual type (AKA classical/warty)
Differentiated type
22
Q

Usual type VIN

A

Associated with HPV infection

Low grade or high grade

23
Q

Differentiated type VIN

A

In older women, not always HPV related

Always high grade

24
Q

Vulval cancer treatment

A

Surgical
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy

25
Q

Surgical treatment of vulval cancer

A

Individualised surgery
Local excisiom
Unilateral or bilateral node dissection

Reproductive System (24 decks)

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