Applied Embryology and Anatomy

Question 1

What are the most common birth defects?

Answer 1

Neural tube defects

Congenital heart defects

Question 2

What is a teratogen?

Answer 2

An environmental ‘exposure’
to which the mother is exposed during pregnancy
A genetic defect passed onto to offspring from either parent
May detrimentally affect the developing embryo/fetus in utero
May lead to structural or functional abnormalities or even in utero death

Question 3

What effect can teratogens have on the developing foetus?

Answer 3

Death
Learning difficulties
Sensory deficit
Structural abnormalities
Cancer

Question 4

Teratogenic sxposure in 1st trimester

Answer 4

Structural defects when organogenesis is occurring

Question 5

Teratogenic sxposure after 12 weeks gestation

Answer 5

Functional or growth defects

Question 6

Classice triad for congenital rubella syndrome

Answer 6

Sensorineural deafness
Eye abnormalities—especially retinopathy, cataract and microphthalmia
Congenital heart disease—especially pulmonary artery stenosis and patent ductus arteriosus.

Question 7

Classice triad for congenital rubella syndrome

Answer 7

Sensorineural deafness
Eye abnormalities—especially retinopathy, cataract and microphthalmia
Congenital heart disease—especially pulmonary artery stenosis and patent ductus arteriosus.

Question 8

What effect can opiates taken in labour have on the babies?

Answer 8

Respiratory depression in neonates