Cancer and bone health Flashcards
Define cancer
A term for diseases in which abnormal cells
divide without control and can invade nearby
tissues.
What is the initiation stage of cancer?
Exposure to influences that initiate
genetic mutations
What is the Promotion stage of cancer?
Damaged DNA begins to be expressed,
resulting in cellular changes.
What is the Progression stage of cancer?
Development of malignant cells
What are the causes of cancer?
Genetics (5%)
Sporadic (95%)
What are some examples of Sporadic?
Tobacco
• Diet
• Infection
What are some potential preventions of cancer?
Fruit and Vitamin E Vegetables Fish Olive Oil Fibre Polyphenols N-3 fatty acids
What are the Government recommendations?
increase fruit and vegetable consumption.
• Reduce red and processed meat intake.
– current intake is 90g per day.
• Eat a balanced diet rich in cereals, fruits and vegetables.
• A healthy body weight should be maintained.
What are the treatments for cancer?
Surgery • Radiotherapy • Chemotherapy • Hormone Therapy • Immunotherapy • Gene Therapy
What is bone turnover?
Bone is constantly renewing its structure
What is a bones structure?
It has a thick outer shell with an inner matrix of protein (type I collagen) and mineral salts (mainly Ca, P and Mg).
What is Osteoclasts?
break down bone (resorption)
What is Osteoblasts?
synthesise (new) bone
What factors influence bone growth?
Genetics Endocrine function:hormones that control growth Physical activity Nutrition Drugs
How does calcium affect bone health?
Sources
• Toxicity
• Bioavailability
What is Osteoporosis
‘having a bone mineral content or bone mineral density of more than 2.5 SD below the young normal mean
Where does Osteoporosis affect in the body commonly?
spine
wrist
hip
What are the Causes of osteoporosis?
Inherent factors or diseases Acquired diseases/conditions Sex hormone deficiency Immobility or prolonged bed-rest Lifestyle factors
What are some Osteoporosis Treatments?
HRT (oestrogen/testosterone)
• Anabolic steroids (Nandralone)
• Calcitonin – hormone - improves action of osteoclasts
• Bisphosphonates – non-hormonal – switch off osteoblasts
• Reduce alcohol and nicotine intake
• Regular exercise
• Vitamin D (Calcitriol – an active form of Vit D)
• Calcium
What are some preventions of Osteoporosis?
Sunshine (vitamin D) • Increase exercise • Stop smoking • Reduce alcohol intake • High calcium diet
