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Blood > Cancer 9/29 > Flashcards

Cancer 9/29 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term used to describe variation in cell size and shape?

A

Pleomorphism

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2
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Lack of differentiation in tumor cells (bad)

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3
Q

What is a reversible conversion of one differentiated cell type to another?

A

Metaplasia

Ex: columnar epithelium replaced by squamous epithelium in respiratory tract of smokers

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4
Q

What is the term for a disordered growth and maturation of cells and a disturbance of growth regulation?

A

Dysplasia

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5
Q

3 factors used to grade a tumor:

A

Size (T)

Lymph node involvement (N)

Metastasis (M)

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6
Q

What is a bio marker expressed in 75% of breast cancers? How is it treated when positive?

A

ER+

Endocrine therapy- TAMOXIFEN

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7
Q

What is the target therapy when the HER-2 receptor is expressed in Brest cancer?

A

Trastuzumab (herceptin)

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8
Q

How is familial breast cancer inherited?

A

Germ line mutations

Autosomal dominant mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2

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9
Q

Molecular classification of breast cancer: high expression of cytokeratins 5/6 and 17 and proliferation markers

A
  1. Triple negative or basal-like
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10
Q

Molecular classification of breast cancer: keratins (-)

A
  1. HER2 (+)
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11
Q

Molecular classification of breast cancer:

ER + high expression

E cadherin +

A
  1. Luminal-A
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12
Q

Molecular classification of breast cancer:

ER + lower expression

E cadherin -

A
  1. Luminal-B
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13
Q

Molecular classification of breast cancer:

ER+

A
  1. Normal breast like
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14
Q

What are the 4 gene mutations that serve as the basis for colon cancer?

A
  1. Loss of APC tumor suppressor gene
  2. Activation of K-ras oncogene
  3. Loss of DCC tumor suppressor
  4. Loss of p53 tumor suppressor
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15
Q

What are normal cellular genes that encode proteins involved in cell growth and proliferation?

A

Proto-oncogenes

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16
Q

what are cancer producing genes derived from Proto-oncogenes?

A

Oncogenes

17
Q

7 types of proteins participating in cell growth:

A
  1. Growth factors
  2. GFRs
  3. Intercellular cell growth signal transducers
  4. Transcription factors
  5. Pro or anti-apoptosis proteins
  6. Cell-cycle control proteins
  7. DNA repair proteins
18
Q

What are 2 proto oncogenes that encode cell surface receptors (receptors for gf)?

A
  1. Her2
  2. EGF

Both receptor tyrosine kinases

19
Q

What is the HER2 mutation that causes cancer?

A

Val -> Gla

Her2 receptor gene is mutated to NEU gene.

Treat w herceptin

20
Q

What is the EGF mutation that causes cancer?

A

Deletion.

Involved in lung cancers.

21
Q

Are RTK mutations oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes?

A

Oncogenes.

TKIs target RTK mutated receptors.

22
Q

What is one of the most frequently mutated proto oncogenes in cancer and an example of a growth signal transducer?

A

Ras mutations.

Mutation occurs as aa position 12 or 61 -> constitutively active.

23
Q

What are two important transcription factors that cause cancer when mutated?

A
  1. C-Fos
  2. C-myc

Constitutively active

24
Q

4 ways the proto-oncogene can be mutated to become an oncogene?

A
  1. Promotor mutation
  2. Coding sequence mutation
  3. Chromosomal translocation
  4. Gene amplification
25
Q

What is the product of a chromosome translocation called? Translocation of what chromosomes causes this?

A

Philadelphia chromosome

Translocation of Ch 9 & 22

Fusion of bcr and abl

26
Q

What kind of gene is the Rb gene?

A

Tumor supressor

27
Q

What is the two-hit origin of cancer hypothesis?

A

Some forms of hereditary cancer might be initiated when a person heterozygous for a germ line mutation undergoes a SECOND, SOMATIC MUTATION in the OTHER ALLELE OF THE SAME GENE, rendering the cell homozygous for loss of function.

Only in TS GENES

28
Q

What is p53?

A

Tumor supressor, transcription factor.

Involved in DNA damage repair, cell cycle control, apoptosis.

29
Q

What checkpoint in the cell cycle do Rb and p53 regulate?

A

G1/S checkpoint

30
Q

Telomeres are a region of repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome. What do they do?

A

Protect end of chromosomes. Shortened during cell divisions, replenished by Telomerase.

As they grow shorter, cells reach end of replicative ability and progress into senescence.

31
Q

Compared to normal cells, cancer cells’ telomerase activity is (higher/lower) and telomeres are (longer/shorter)

A

Higher activity

Longer telomeres

32
Q

True or false: both RNA and DNA viruses can carry oncogenes.

A

True.

33
Q

Do RNA or DNA viruses carry oncogenes that function in the cell replication cycle?

A

DNA viruses do participate in replication cycle. RNA viruses do not.

34
Q

Retroviruses that cause cancer can be fast or slow tumor forming. Which contains an oncogene?

A

Fast retroviruses contain oncogene.

35
Q

How do slow acting retroviruses cause cancer?

A

Retroviral promoter and enhancer insertions activates c-Myc proto oncogene

36
Q

How does hpv cause cancer?

A

Over expression of proteins E6 and E7

E6 inhibits p53

E7 inhibits Rb

Blood (13 decks)

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