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Blood > Blood Histology 9/26 > Flashcards

Blood Histology 9/26 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ratio of the 5 white blood cells?

A

Neutrophils > lymphocytes > monocytes > eosinophils > basophils

Never
Let 
Monkeys
Eat
Bananas
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2
Q

Describe platelets (thrombocytes)

A

Anucleated cell fragments from megakaryocytes in bone marrow. Function in blood clotting. Live 7-10 days.

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3
Q

What is the function of the 3 lymphocytes?

A

Immunity - recognize and respond to antigens

B cells: produce circulating antibodies

T cells: mature in thymus, mediate immunity

NK cells: kill virus infected and tumor cells. Large.

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4
Q

What is the largest wbc?

A

Monocytes

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5
Q

What are the functions of monocytes?

A

Migrate to tissues and differentiate into macrophages.

Act as antigen presenting cells for lymphocytes

Phagocytosis

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6
Q

What mononuclear phagocytizing cells are derived from monocytes and where are they located?

A 
Osteoclasts- bone
Microglia- CNS
Macrophage (histiocyte)- tissues
Langerhans cells- epidermis 
Dendritic cells- lymph nodes, spleen 
Alveolar macrophage- lungs 
Kupfer cells- liver
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7
Q

Where do granulocytes work?

A

Connective tissue & organs. Live a few days.

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8
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

PMNs: 3-5 lobed nucleus, Barr bodies in females,

function:
•phagocytize bacteria and foreign organisms
•first responders in inflammation.
•induce fever via IL-1

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9
Q

What do Azurophilic (1*) granules contain?

A

Lysosomes:

myeloperoxidase defensins
hydrolytic enzymes

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10
Q

What do specific

(2*) neutrophil granules (most abundant) contain?

A
  • Type IV collagenase
  • Lactoferrin- binds iron to deprive and kill bacteria
  • Lysozyme- degrades cell wall of gram positive bacteria to kill them
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11
Q

What do 3* neutrophil granules contain?

A

MMPs: collagenase, gelatinase

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12
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A

Allergic & inflammatory

Kills helminthic parasitic worms

Modulates inflammatory effects of basophils and mast cells- inactivate leukotrienes and histamine.

Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes

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13
Q

Where are eosinophils found?

A

CHRONIC inflammation, commonly in CT of respiratory, digestive, vaginal tracts

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14
Q

What are the specific granules of eosinophils?

A
  • neutrotoxins: attack parasites
  • histaminase: mediates allergic rxns
  • arylsulfatase: neutralizes leukotrienes
  • eosinophil peroxidase: antibacterial
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15
Q

What is located in the specific granules of eosinophils?

A

Cr- characteristic crystalloid bodies: contain arginine-rich major basic protein; disrupts membranes of parasites.

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16
Q

What are the main characteristics of basophils?

A

Obscured nucleus

No lysosomes or phagocytic ability.

Contain surface IgE receptors - binding of IgE from B-cells in asthma or allergic reactions causes release of histamine and other allergy mediators

17
Q

What is released from the large basophilic specific granules?

A

Heparin- anticoagulant

Histamine & heparin sulfate- vasodilators

Leukotrienes- constrict smooth muscles of pulmonary airways, maintain inflammation

18
Q

What are the RBC cytoskeletal elements that make it flexible?

A

Spectrin, adductin, ankyrin

Integral membrane proteins: glycophorin C and band 3

19
Q

Changes in which RBC cytoskeletal element with age triggers old RBC elimination by macrophages?

A

Glycophorin

20
Q

How are blood types determined structurally?

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipid antigens (A,B, O) attached to glycophorins

21
Q

How long do RBCs live and how are they destroyed?

A

120 days

Destroyed by spleen, bone marrow, liver macrophages (90%)

22
Q

What gene is involved in spherocytosis?

A

Spectrin gene mutation

23
Q

What gene is involved in elliptocytosis?

A

Band 4.1 gene mutation

24
Q

Where does hematopoesis occur and how does that change with age?

A

Red bone marrow.

With age, appendicular bone marrow is replaced w yellow bone marrow, so most hematopoesis occurs in axial skeleton

25
Q

What are the sites of hematopoesis from beginning embryonic development to middle age?

A
  1. Yolk sac (1st month)
  2. Liver (some spleen)
  3. Bone marrow (birth)
    a. All bones in children
    b. Only axial bones in adults- primarily vertebra > sternum > ribs
26
Q

What are the 5 stages of erythropoesis?

A
  1. Proerythroblast
  2. Basophilic erythroblast
  3. Polychromatophilic erythroblast
  4. Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
  5. Reticulocyte
27
Q

What happens during erythropoesis?

A
  • Cells become smaller
  • decrease in RNA
  • increased Hbg
  • cell divisions stop w normoblast
  • Reticulocyte matures in blood and spits out nucleus
28
Q

What stimulates erythropoesis and how?

A

ERYTHROPOETIN

  1. Hypoxemia (⬇️O2 transport)
  2. Liver and kidneys secrete EPO
  3. EPO stimulates red bone marrow
  4. ⬆️ erythropoesis and RBC count
  5. ⬆️ O2 transport

Blood (13 decks)

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