Cancer

Question 1

Most mutations are ______ and occur _______. They require _______

Answer 1

Somatic
post-fertilization
Multiple mutations

Question 2

Oncogenes

Answer 2

Promote cell growth and division

Question 3

Try more suppressor classes (2)

Answer 3

Caretaker

Gatekeeper

Question 4

Caretaker genes

Answer 4

Prevent or repair damage to DNA

Lose these genes = promote genetic change

Question 5

Gatekeeper

Answer 5

Restrain cell division or induce apoptosis

Lose these genes = uncontrolled proliferation

Question 6

Loss of heterogeneity

Answer 6

Inheriting one bad copy can cause the good copy to go “bad”

Question 7

Retinoblastoma caused by

Answer 7

Loss of function of Rb

Question 8

Rb inhibits ____ which inhibits _____

Answer 8

E2F
G1/S transition
Rb prevents cell division

Question 9

Sporadic Retinoblastoma

Answer 9

Late and rarely

1 tumor in 1 eye in 1 person in a family

Question 10

Familial Retinoblastoma

Answer 10

Early and often
Bilateral tumors
Multiple members affected

Question 11

P53 stimulates txn of: (2)

Answer 11

CDK inhibitors

Pro-apoptotic factors

Question 12

P53 is destabilized by _____

Answer 12

Mdm2

Question 13

P53 is stabilized by: (2)

Answer 13

DNA damage

P14ARF

Question 14

P14ARF is a ______ made from _______ which encodes _______

Answer 14

Protein
Growth factors
CDK inhibitors

Question 15

Proto-oncogene

Answer 15

Gene that can become an oncogene if mutated or expression increases

Question 16

Oncogenes

Answer 16

Can cause cancer when activated or expressed

Question 17

MTOR pathway

Answer 17

Promotes cell growth and protein synthesis

Commonly mutated in tumors

Question 18

Viral oncogenes

Answer 18

Normally promote cell division

Derived from genome of host cell

Question 19

Overproduction of c-myc by: (2)

Answer 19

Gene amplification (inc. number of gene copies)
Chromosomal translocations to inc. txn of c-myc

Question 20

Homogenously-staining region

Answer 20

Amplification of c-myc

Copies are duplicated in same region inside chromosome

Question 21

Double minute chromosome

Answer 21

Amplification of c-myc

Duplicated copies in same region outside of chromosome

Question 22

Detect overproduction of c-myc by:

Answer 22

Metaphase FISH

Question 23

Burkett Lymphoma

Answer 23

B lymphocyte cancer

C-myc controlled by antibody gene enhancer which increases lymphomas

Question 24

C-abl

Answer 24

Changes genetically to self-activate

Does NOT need regulatory stimuli

Question 25

NF1 proteins is a

Answer 25

Ras-GAP

Mutation leads to Neurofibromatosis

Question 26

Ras family (2)

Answer 26

Receptor signaling

Cell division

Question 27

Ran family

Answer 27

Nucleus/ cytoplasm traffic

Question 28

Rac family

Answer 28

Actin cytoskeleton

Question 29

Rab family

Answer 29

Traffic of membrane vesicles

Question 30

Oncogenic mutations in Ras

Answer 30

AA substitutions of gly12 and gln61
Reduce GTPase activity or ras
Mostly in active state

Question 31

C-ras mutation prevents

Answer 31

Inactivation

Question 32

Clinical features of CML (3 main ones)

Answer 32

Splenomegaly
Elevated WBC count
Early satiety

Question 33

CML is a ________ disorder so it _________ but does NOT ______

Answer 33

Myeloproliferative
Increases proliferation
Lose ability to differentiate

Question 34

CML cause is a

Answer 34

Balanced translocation of chr22 (bcr) and chr9 (abl)

Question 35

Philadelphia chromosome

Answer 35

Chimeric protein from the translocation

Question 36

C-abl regulates ______ and is normally located in the _____

Answer 36

DNA damage repair response and promotes growth

Nucleus

Question 37

Bcr-abl protein is

Answer 37

Trapped in the cytoplasm thereby altering the DNA damage repair response
Constitutively active

Question 38

Bc-abl promotes CML development by: (3)

Answer 38

Uncontrolled proliferation
Escapes apoptosis
Alter interaction with ECM

Question 39

C-abl gains ______from bcr to facilitate _____

Answer 39

A domain

Dimerization

Question 40

C-abl creates a ______ so it can _____ to ________

Answer 40

Gain of function
Auto-phosphorylate
Become active

Question 41

C-abl is able to auto-phosphorylate because

Answer 41

It’s a tyrosine kinase