Cancer Flashcards
What is the commonest cancer in males?
- prostate cancer
What cell type is associated with prostate cancer?
- adenocarcinoma
If the prostate cancer affects the transitional zone what are the presenting symptoms?
- changes to water works
If the prostate cancer affects the peripheral zone what are the presenting symptoms?
- asymptomatic to start
Symptoms of prostate cancer?
- haematuria
- haematospermia
- incontinence
What is used to diagnose prostate cancer?
- PSA
- Digital rectal examination
- Transrectal ultrasound scan with biopsy
What is PSA?
- normal protein released from prostate
- used to breakdown seminal coagulum
- raised level may indicate enlargement
Scoring system used in prostate cancer?
- Gleason scale
How is prostate cancer staged
- TNM
- Gleason scale
- MRI and bone scan
Treatment of low risk prostate cancer?
- active surveillance
Treatment of high risk prostate cancer?
- prostatectomy
- radiotherapy
- androgen suppression
- LHRH agonist
Name an androgen suppression drug?
- bicalutamide
Name a LHRH agonist drug?
- Goserelin
Hormone therapy in prostate cancer aim to?
- lower testosterone
Cell type in urinary bladder cancer?
- transitional cell carcinoma
Risk factors for urinary bladder cancer?
- smoking
- occupational fumes
- chronic bladder infections
Red flags for bladder cancer?
- painless haematuria
- flank pain
Age > 40 in women
Age > 45 in men
Bladder cancer investigations
- CT
- USS
- Analysis of urine
- TURBT (Biopsy and histology)
Treatment of low grade bladder cancer
- resection
- follow up 6mnthly for 5 yrs
Treatment of high grade bladder cancer?
- resection
- intravesical BCG
Bladder cancer invasive into muscle treatment?
- external beam radiotherapy
Metastatic bladder cancer treatment?
- cisplatin based chemotherapy
Follow up of high risk bladder cancer?
- 3 monthly for 1 year
- 6 monthly for 5 years
- annually for 10 years
