Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the urinary tract composed of?

A
  • kidneys
  • ureter
  • bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

What is the upper urinary tract composed of?

A
  • kidneys

- ureter

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3
Q

What is the lower urinary tract composed of?

A
  • blader

- urethra

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4
Q

Where are the kidneys located? and what body cavities does the urinary tract pass through?

A
  • retroperitoneal
  • abdomen
  • pelvis
  • perineum
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5
Q

Kidneys lie anterior to the _____ muscle and lateral to the _____ muscle

A
  • anterior to quadratus lumborum muscle

- lateral to psoas major muscle

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6
Q

The right kidney lies at what vertebra level?

A
  • L1-L3

- slightly inferior due to the liver

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7
Q

The left kidney lies at what vertebra level?

A
  • T12- L2
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8
Q

What ribs are the kidneys related to?

A
  • floating ribs 11 and 12
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9
Q

What is the name of the fat in close association with the renal capsule?

A
  • perinephric fat
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10
Q

The__ perinephric/paranephric__ fat is most anterior?

A
  • paranephric fat
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11
Q

What is the renal hilum composed of?

A
  • renal vein (anterior)
  • renal artery
  • ureter
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12
Q

How do you ballot a kidney?

A
  • palpate inferior to the 12th rib

- ask patient to take a deep breathe in

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13
Q

With inspiration the kidneys move in what direction?

A
  • inferior
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14
Q

What is the name of the recess anterior to the right kidney where fluid can accumulate?

A
  • hepatorenal recess
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15
Q

What is the arterial and venous supply to the kidneys?

A
  • renal artery

- renal vein

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16
Q

What are some of the arterial branches that supply the ureter

A
  • renal artery
  • abdominal aorta
  • common iliac
  • internal iliac
  • vesical artery
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17
Q

Vesical artery is also called?

A
  • bladder artery
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18
Q

Lymph from the kidneys drains into?

A
  • lumbar nodes
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19
Q

Lymph from the ureters drains where?

A
  • lumbar nodes

- iliac nodes

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20
Q

What gives the medulla is striated appearance?

A
  • the regular arrangement of nephrons
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21
Q

The minor calyx joins to form?

A
  • major calyx

- drains into renal pelvis

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22
Q

Urine from the renal pelvis next drains where?

A
  • ureter
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23
Q

What is the pelviureteral junction

A
  • wider renal pelvis narrows into ureter

- anatomical site of constriction

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24
Q

What are the 3 sites of constriction in the renal system?

A
  • pelviureteral junction
  • ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery
  • ureteric orifice
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25
Where are renal stones most likely to get lodged?
- 3 constrictions - pelviureteral junction - ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery - ureteric orifice
26
Renal stones are also called?
- renal calculi
27
What causes renal stone formation?
- urine calcium salts
28
Staghorn calculus may be seen as a result of what?
- large calculi
29
What is the ureter response to a compression either internal or external?
- contraction of smooth muscle - peristalsis - colicky pain
30
Obstruction within the calces or ureter causes back up pressure where?
- unilateral kidney
31
Obstruction within the bladder causes ___unilateral/bilateral___ back up pressure
- either dependant on site
32
Define hydronephrosis?
- water inside the kidney - can cause back pressure - enlargement and renal failure
33
Describe the false pelvis?
- from iliac crest to pelvic inlet | - part of abdominal cavity
34
Describe the true pelvis
- pelvic inlet to pelvic floor | - pelvic cavity
35
What is the name of the muscle in the pelvic floor?
- lavator ani
36
What is the name of the anatomical boundary between the pelvic cavity and perineum
- pelvic floor
37
The ureters pass __anterior/posterior__ to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis?
- anterior
38
What happens to the direction of the ureters at the level of the ischial spine?
- ureters turn medially | - enter the posterior aspect of the bladder
39
Name the peritoneal pouch in the males?
- rectovesicale pouch
40
The ureter runs __inferior/superior__ to the vas deferent?
- inferior
41
Name the 2 peritoneal pouches in the female?
- rectouterine | - vesico-uterine
42
What is the most dependant pouch in the female peritoneal cavity?
- rectouterine
43
In females the ureter runs __superior/inferior__ to the uterine tubules and uterine artery?
- inferior | - water under the bridge
44
Name the 3 bladder openings in the male bladder
- 2 ureteric orifice | - internal urethral orifice
45
Describe the trigone of the bladder?
- between the 2 ureteric orifices and internal arterial orifice in males
46
What is the name of the muscle that lines the bladder in males?
- detrusor muscle
47
What prevents retrograde reflux of sperm into the ureter during contraction of the bladder?
- detrusor muscle forms a sphincter over the 2 ureteric orifices
48
A full bladder may extend into where?
- the false pelvis
49
Name the sphincter below the prostatic urethra?
- external urethral sphincter | - enters into spongy urethra
50
Where is sperm produced?
- seminiferous tubules
51
Where is sperm stored?
- epididymis
52
The spermatic cord enters the abdomen through what anatomical site?
- inguinal canal
53
What is contained within the spermatic cord?
- testicular artery - pampiniform plexus of veins - vas deferens - lymphatics
54
When testes grow during development what do they invaginate?
- tunica vaginalis
55
Describe hydrocele?
- excess fluid in the tunica vaginalis
56
What is the blood supply to the testes?
- right and left testicular artery | - branch of abdominal aorta
57
What is the venous drainage to the testes?
- right testicular vein --> inferior vena cava | - left testicular vein --> left renal vein
58
The right testicular artery drains into what?
- inferior vena cava
59
The left testicular vein drains into what?
- left renal vein
60
The ureter is __posterior/anterior__ to the vas deferents?
- posterior
61
Where is the location where the ejaculatory duct joins to form the prostatic urethra?
- the prostate gland
62
What does the prostatic urethra transmit?
- semen and urine
63
Name the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue in the penis?
- corpus spongiosum - right corpus cavernosum - left corpus cavernosum
64
Blood supply to the penis?
- internal iliac artery
65
Blood supply to the scrotum?
- internal and external iliac artery
66
Lymphatic drainage from the penis drains where?
- superficial inguinal lymph nodes
67
Ureteric peristalsis and bladder contraction is under what control?
- autonomic
68
Urethral sphincter control?
- internal (males) - autonomic | - external (both) - somatic motor
69
Where do sympathetic fibres leave the spine?
- T1- L2
70
Name the 2 sympathethic splanchic chains?
- abdominopelvic splanchnic | - cardiopulmonary splanchnic
71
Specific to the urinary tract where does the sympathetic fibres leave the spinal cord?
- T1 - L2 | - abdominopelvic splanchnic
72
Where does parasympathetic leave the CNS?
- CN III, VII, IX, X or sacral spinal nerves
73
Parasympathetic control to the kidneys and ureter
- CN X
74
Parasympathetic control to the bladder
- S2, S3, S4
75
Explain the process of urination in terms of nerves
- visceral afferents sence stretch - detrusor muscle contracts - internal, external urethral sphincter and levator ani relax
76
Urination is ___sympathetic/parasympathetic___
- parasympathetic | - S2, S3, S4
77
Kidney pain is at what spinal level
- T11- L1
78
Ureters pain is at what spinal level
- T11 - L2
79
Bladder pain is at what spinal level
- superior - T11- L2 | - inferior - S2, S3, S4
80
Distal urethra pain is what?
- localised | - somatic sensory
81
Testis pain felt where?
- T10- T11 | - Scrotum or lower abdomen