Anatomy Flashcards
What is the urinary tract composed of?
- kidneys
- ureter
- bladder
- urethra
What is the upper urinary tract composed of?
- kidneys
- ureter
What is the lower urinary tract composed of?
- blader
- urethra
Where are the kidneys located? and what body cavities does the urinary tract pass through?
- retroperitoneal
- abdomen
- pelvis
- perineum
Kidneys lie anterior to the _____ muscle and lateral to the _____ muscle
- anterior to quadratus lumborum muscle
- lateral to psoas major muscle
The right kidney lies at what vertebra level?
- L1-L3
- slightly inferior due to the liver
The left kidney lies at what vertebra level?
- T12- L2
What ribs are the kidneys related to?
- floating ribs 11 and 12
What is the name of the fat in close association with the renal capsule?
- perinephric fat
The__ perinephric/paranephric__ fat is most anterior?
- paranephric fat
What is the renal hilum composed of?
- renal vein (anterior)
- renal artery
- ureter
How do you ballot a kidney?
- palpate inferior to the 12th rib
- ask patient to take a deep breathe in
With inspiration the kidneys move in what direction?
- inferior
What is the name of the recess anterior to the right kidney where fluid can accumulate?
- hepatorenal recess
What is the arterial and venous supply to the kidneys?
- renal artery
- renal vein
What are some of the arterial branches that supply the ureter
- renal artery
- abdominal aorta
- common iliac
- internal iliac
- vesical artery
Vesical artery is also called?
- bladder artery
Lymph from the kidneys drains into?
- lumbar nodes
Lymph from the ureters drains where?
- lumbar nodes
- iliac nodes
What gives the medulla is striated appearance?
- the regular arrangement of nephrons
The minor calyx joins to form?
- major calyx
- drains into renal pelvis
Urine from the renal pelvis next drains where?
- ureter
What is the pelviureteral junction
- wider renal pelvis narrows into ureter
- anatomical site of constriction
What are the 3 sites of constriction in the renal system?
- pelviureteral junction
- ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery
- ureteric orifice
Where are renal stones most likely to get lodged?
- 3 constrictions
- pelviureteral junction
- ureter crossing anterior aspect of common iliac artery
- ureteric orifice
Renal stones are also called?
- renal calculi
What causes renal stone formation?
- urine calcium salts
Staghorn calculus may be seen as a result of what?
- large calculi
What is the ureter response to a compression either internal or external?
- contraction of smooth muscle
- peristalsis
- colicky pain
Obstruction within the calces or ureter causes back up pressure where?
- unilateral kidney
Obstruction within the bladder causes ___unilateral/bilateral___ back up pressure
- either dependant on site
Define hydronephrosis?
- water inside the kidney
- can cause back pressure
- enlargement and renal failure
Describe the false pelvis?
- from iliac crest to pelvic inlet
- part of abdominal cavity
Describe the true pelvis
- pelvic inlet to pelvic floor
- pelvic cavity
What is the name of the muscle in the pelvic floor?
- lavator ani
What is the name of the anatomical boundary between the pelvic cavity and perineum
- pelvic floor
The ureters pass __anterior/posterior__ to the common iliac vessels to enter the pelvis?
- anterior
What happens to the direction of the ureters at the level of the ischial spine?
- ureters turn medially
- enter the posterior aspect of the bladder
Name the peritoneal pouch in the males?
- rectovesicale pouch
The ureter runs __inferior/superior__ to the vas deferent?
- inferior
Name the 2 peritoneal pouches in the female?
- rectouterine
- vesico-uterine
What is the most dependant pouch in the female peritoneal cavity?
- rectouterine
In females the ureter runs __superior/inferior__ to the uterine tubules and uterine artery?
- inferior
- water under the bridge
Name the 3 bladder openings in the male bladder
- 2 ureteric orifice
- internal urethral orifice
Describe the trigone of the bladder?
- between the 2 ureteric orifices and internal arterial orifice in males
What is the name of the muscle that lines the bladder in males?
- detrusor muscle
What prevents retrograde reflux of sperm into the ureter during contraction of the bladder?
- detrusor muscle forms a sphincter over the 2 ureteric orifices
A full bladder may extend into where?
- the false pelvis
Name the sphincter below the prostatic urethra?
- external urethral sphincter
- enters into spongy urethra
Where is sperm produced?
- seminiferous tubules
Where is sperm stored?
- epididymis
The spermatic cord enters the abdomen through what anatomical site?
- inguinal canal
What is contained within the spermatic cord?
- testicular artery
- pampiniform plexus of veins
- vas deferens
- lymphatics
When testes grow during development what do they invaginate?
- tunica vaginalis
Describe hydrocele?
- excess fluid in the tunica vaginalis
What is the blood supply to the testes?
- right and left testicular artery
- branch of abdominal aorta
What is the venous drainage to the testes?
- right testicular vein –> inferior vena cava
- left testicular vein –> left renal vein
The right testicular artery drains into what?
- inferior vena cava
The left testicular vein drains into what?
- left renal vein
The ureter is __posterior/anterior__ to the vas deferents?
- posterior
Where is the location where the ejaculatory duct joins to form the prostatic urethra?
- the prostate gland
What does the prostatic urethra transmit?
- semen and urine
Name the 3 cylinders of erectile tissue in the penis?
- corpus spongiosum
- right corpus cavernosum
- left corpus cavernosum
Blood supply to the penis?
- internal iliac artery
Blood supply to the scrotum?
- internal and external iliac artery
Lymphatic drainage from the penis drains where?
- superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Ureteric peristalsis and bladder contraction is under what control?
- autonomic
Urethral sphincter control?
- internal (males) - autonomic
- external (both) - somatic motor
Where do sympathetic fibres leave the spine?
- T1- L2
Name the 2 sympathethic splanchic chains?
- abdominopelvic splanchnic
- cardiopulmonary splanchnic
Specific to the urinary tract where does the sympathetic fibres leave the spinal cord?
- T1 - L2
- abdominopelvic splanchnic
Where does parasympathetic leave the CNS?
- CN III, VII, IX, X or sacral spinal nerves
Parasympathetic control to the kidneys and ureter
- CN X
Parasympathetic control to the bladder
- S2, S3, S4
Explain the process of urination in terms of nerves
- visceral afferents sence stretch
- detrusor muscle contracts
- internal, external urethral sphincter and levator ani relax
Urination is ___sympathetic/parasympathetic___
- parasympathetic
- S2, S3, S4
Kidney pain is at what spinal level
- T11- L1
Ureters pain is at what spinal level
- T11 - L2
Bladder pain is at what spinal level
- superior - T11- L2
- inferior - S2, S3, S4
Distal urethra pain is what?
- localised
- somatic sensory
Testis pain felt where?
- T10- T11
- Scrotum or lower abdomen
