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Pharmacology > Caffeine and Nicotine > Flashcards

Caffeine and Nicotine Flashcards

1
Q

How much Caffeine does a typical coffee (5 ounce) have?

A

100mg

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2
Q

What OTC analgesic contains caffeine and how much?

A

Excedrin, 65mg

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3
Q

What is the distribution of caffeine?

A

Everywhere.

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4
Q

What is the half-life of caffeine?

A

Average is 4-5 hours, but can be up to 10 hours in slow-metabolizers.

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5
Q

How is caffeine metabolized?

A

In the liver, by cytochrome p450.

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6
Q

What can change the activity of cytochrome p450?

A

Smoking can increase activity. Genetics, age, etc.

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7
Q

How does caffeine work?

A

It acts as an Adenosine antagonist in the CNS.

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8
Q

What is Adenosine? What kind of actions does it usually have?

A

A neuromodulator. Adenosine signaling usually results in sedative, depressant and anti-convulsant actions.

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9
Q

How much caffeine is considered a lethal dose?

A

10 grams.

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10
Q

What does caffeine do to coronary arteries?

A

It dilates them.

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11
Q

What does caffeine do to cerebral blood vessels?

A

Constricts them.

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12
Q

What does caffeine do to bronchi?

A

It relaxes them - you can breathe easier.

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13
Q

What might cause the pain in headaches?

A

Vasodilation of cerebral blood vessels.

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14
Q

Why does caffeine help some people with headaches?

A

It vasoconstricts the blood vessels.

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15
Q

Why are people who suffer from migraine headaches generally told to limit caffeine?

A

Body can become dependent, causing headaches from withdrawal.

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16
Q

How much caffeine can cause tolerance and some withdrawal and craving?

A

Chronic use (as little as a cup a day).

17
Q

Is caffeine considered an addictive drug?

A

No. It isn’t thought that it activates the central reward pathway.

18
Q

How quickly does Nicotine reach the brain?

A

7 seconds (smoking).

19
Q

Where and what is Nicotine broken down by?

A

In the liver by cytochrome 450 family. 10-20% excreted in urine.

20
Q

What is the half-life of nicotine?

A

2 hours.

21
Q

What is the primary metabolite of nicotine? What is its half-life?

A

Cotinine. Its half-life is 18 hours.

22
Q

How does Nicotine work?

A

It is an agonist at Acetylcholine Nicotinic receptors.

23
Q

What do Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors do in the CNS?

A

They facilitate the release of dopamine, ACh, and glutamate.

24
Q

Does nicotine active the central reward pathway?

A

yes.

25
Q

What affects does nicotine have on the anti-diuretic horomone?

A

It stimulates production of it.

26
Q

How does nicotine affect appetite?

A

It can reduce it.

27
Q

How does nicotine affect the vomiting center (brain stem) of the brain?

A

It stimulates it, but you can become tolerant to it.

28
Q

What do Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptors do in the PNS

A

Increase in Epinephrine, raises blood pressure may alter taste bud sensitivity.

29
Q

Does nicotine have a tolerance?

A

Some.

30
Q

Does nicotine have dependence?

A

It has psychological and physical dependence.

31
Q

What drugs can help people stop smoking?

A

A nicotine replacement, Bupropion, Varenicline (Chantix).

32
Q

How does bupropion work?

A

Blocks the uptake of dopamine (strongly) and norepinephrine and serotonin (weakly). Antagonism of certain nicotinic receptors.

33
Q

How does bupropion help those trying to stop smoking?

A

It delays relapse and results in less weight gain.

34
Q

How does Verenicline (Chantix) work?

A

Partial agonist at nicotinic ACh receptors. It never activates the receptors fully (unlike nicotine).

35
Q

How is Verenicline (Chantix) thought to help those trying to stop smoking?

A

It helps reduce withdrawal symptoms (it can block nicotine from getting to receptor).

36
Q

How effective was Verenicline (Chantix) in comparison to bupropion and nicotine replacement therapies?

A

More effective than bupropion, but about the same effectiveness as NRT.

Pharmacology (20 decks)

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