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Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

A disease caused by an organism.

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2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that can cause disease.

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3
Q

What are anti-septics?

A

E.g. ethanol. Too toxic for ingestion, but not too toxic for skin.

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4
Q

What are disinfectants?

A

E.g. bleach. Too toxic for skin, but not for surfaces.

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5
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

An antibiotic is a naturally or synthetically derived substance antagonistic to growth of other microorganisms. Can also be used to describe drugs that target bacteria or microorganisms.

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6
Q

What are nosocomial-acquired infections?

A

Acquired in a hospital environment.

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7
Q

At what percent resistance are antibiotics considered to be unusable for a specific bacteria?

A

30-40% resistance.

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8
Q

What are the two types of resistance?

A
  1. Innate. 2. Acquired.
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9
Q

What is innate resistance?

A

Bacteria is innately never susceptible to the drug (ex. no cell wall to deplete).

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10
Q

What is acquired resistance?

A

Bacteria becomes resistant to drug.

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11
Q

How can bacteria undergo acquired resistance? (3)

A
  1. They can modify cell surface to prevent drug from getting in. 2. They can increase proteins that pump drug out of cell. 3. They could modify or degrade drugs.
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12
Q

What are three targets of antibiotics?

A

Bacteria cell wall, bacterial nucleic acid, and bacterial translation.

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13
Q

Why do antibiotics work well when bacteria are actively growing?

A

Because that is the time when they are growing cell walls.

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14
Q

What are two types of Beta-lactams?

A
  1. Penicillins. 2. Cephalosporins.
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15
Q

What is the site of action of B-lactams?

A

Inhibit enzymes (Penicillin binding protein, PBP) important for making cell wall.

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16
Q

What are some issues with B-lactams? (3)

A

Allergies, not effective against all bacteria, and resistance.

17
Q

What are Beta-lactamases?

A

A series of enzymes that cleave the B-lactam ring.

18
Q

What is an example of a drug that circumvents the resistance mechanism of beta-lactamases?

A

B-lactamase inhibitors with B-lactam drugs, such as Augmentin.

19
Q

What is Augmentin?

A

Amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium. It is a B-lactamase inhibitor and a B-lactam.

20
Q

How can drugs interrupt bacterial nucleic acids? (3)

A
  1. Interrupt pathways that make nucleic acid building blocks. 2. Interfere with DNA replication/maintenance. 3. Interfere with RNA production.
21
Q

What are Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones?

A

They target bacterial type 2 DNA isomerases (DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerases).

22
Q

What is an example of a Quinolone/Fluoroquinolone?

A

Ciprofloxacin.

23
Q

What do DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerases do?

A

They provide DNA maintenance and help finish DNA replication.

24
Q

Are Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones recommended for children and those who are pregnant?

A

No. Concerns for cartilage development and absence of data documenting safety.

25
Q

Do Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones have a black box warning?

A

Yes, for possible Achilles tendon rupture.

26
Q

What drug is an example of Macrolides?

A

Azithromycin (Zithromax) is an example.

27
Q

What are the benefits of using Azithromycin (Zithromax)?

A

Drugs slowly released from tissues, resulting in once-daily dosing and shortening of treatment duration.

28
Q

How do Macrolides work?

A

They interrupt bacterial translation.

29
Q

How do Tetracyclines works?

A

They interrupt bacterial translation.

30
Q

What drug is an example of Tetracyclines?

A

Minocycline. At low doses, it can treat acne.

31
Q

What is a negative of using Tetracyclines?

A

They bind calcium and get deposited with it, causing an interfere in bone development (limits use in children and pregnant women).

32
Q

How does antibiotic-associated diarrhea occur?

A

Antibiotics kill off ‘good bacteria’.

33
Q

What combination of antibiotics and birth control pills results in lower efficacy of the birth control?

A

Rifamptin decreases the efficacy of birth control pills and any other birth control using hormones. It may increase enzymes that break down the hormones.

34
Q

What is Rifamptin used for?

A

Tuberculosis.

35
Q

How can we make new antibiotics? (2) What are some problems with developing new drugs? What has helped that problem?

A
  1. Chemically modify existing antibiotics. 2. Identify new drug targets. Drugs are expensive to develop. The GAIN act may influence more antibiotic development.
36
Q

Why is TB hard to treat? (4)

A
  1. Different cell walls (waxy). 2. Slow growth. 3. Intracellular pathogen. 4. quickly develops resistance.
37
Q

What is Bedaquiline (Sirturo)? How does it work?

A

A drug used for multi-drug resistant TB. It works by targeting ATP synthase (but not mammalian version).

38
Q

How was Bedaquiline (Sirturo) developed?

A

By screening chemical libraries to find compounds with activity against mycobacterium smegmatis.

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