CAD and HTN Flashcards
Non-HDL Calculation
TC - HDL
Lipid panels
taken after 9-12 hour fast
Friedewald equation
LDL = TC - HDL - TG/5
When can you NOT use the Friedewald equation
when TG > 400 mg/dL
normal non-HDL
< 130
normal LDL
< 100
normal HDL for men and women
< 40 (men) & < 50 (women)
normal TG
< 150
drugs that increase LDL and TG
- Diuretics
- Efavirenz
- Steroids
- Immunosuppressants
- Atypical antipsychotics
- Protease inhibitors
retinoids
drugs that increase LDL only
- Fish oils (except vascepa)
- Anabolic steroids
- Fibrates
- Progestins
SGLT2 inhibitors
drugs that increase TG only
- IV lipid emulsions
- Propofol
- Bile acid sequestrants
- Estrogen
- Tamoxifen
- Clevidipine
betablockers
conditions that raise LDL and/or TG
Obesity, poor diet, hypothyroidism, alcoholism, smoking, diabetes, renal/liver disease, nephrotic syndrome
Pregnancy, PCOS, anorexia
when is ASCVD not needed to be calculated
patients with clinical ASCVD, diabetes, or LDL > 190
Red yeast rice
naturally occurring, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
Which statin should be given for secondary prevention in those with clinical ASCVD
high intensity (if patient > 75 and LDL is 70-189 mg/dL can consider moderate)
Which statin should be given for primary prevention in those with primary elevation of LDL > 190 mg/dL
high intensity
Which statin should be given for primary prevention in those with diabetes and are 40-75 years with LDL between 70-189 & multiple ASCVD risk factors
high intensity
Which statin should be given for primary prevention in those with diabetes and are 40-75 years with LDL between 70-189 with regardless of 10 year ASCVD risk
moderate intensity
Which statin should be given for primary prevention in those 40-75 years with LDL between 70-189 & have 10-year ASVCD risk > 20%
high intensity
Which statin should be given for primary prevention in those 40-75 years with LDL between 70-189 & have 10 year ASCVD risk 7.5-19.9% + risk enhancing factors
moderate intensity
high intensity statins
atorvastatin 40-80 & rosuvastatin 20-40
Equivalent statin doses: Pharmacists Rock At Saving Lives and Preventing Fatty deposits
*pitavastatin 2 mg
*Rosuvastatin 5 mg
*atorvastatin 10 mg
*simvastatin 20 mg
*lovastatin 40 mg
*pravastatin 40 mg
*fluvastatin 80 mg
managing myalgias with statins: reduce the risk
avoid drug interactions, including OTC products; do not use simvastatin 80 mg/day; do not use gemfibrozil + statin
managing myalgias with statins: managing myalgias
*hold statin, check CPK, investigate other possible causes
*after 2-4 weeks: re-challenge with the same statin or decrease dose.
*if myalgias return, discontinue statin. Once muscle symptoms resolve, use a low dose of a different statin and gradually increase dose
MMR
myalgias, myopathy, myositis, rhabdomyolysis
amlodipine and atorvastatin, lovastatin, simvastatin
can increase concentration (max 20 mg/day)
Statin drug interactions: G PACMAN
grapefruit, protease inhibitors, azole antifungals, cyclosporine & cobicistat, macrolides (not azithromycin), amiodarone, Non-DHP CCBs
Grapefruit, protease inhibitors, azole antifungals, cyclosporine, cobicistat, macrolides (except azithromycin)
do not use with simvastatin or lovastatin
max daily dose of simvastatin and lovastatin with amiodarone
20 mg & 40 mg
max daily dose of simvastatin and lovastatin with non-DHP CCB
10 mg & 20 mg
PCSK9 & PCSK9 inhibitors
increases LDL receptor degradation
block the ability of PCSK9 to bind to the LDL receptor
Ezetimibe
Zetia - inhibits absorption of cholesterol in the small intestine
Bile acid sequestrants
bind bile acids in the intestine, forming a complex that is excreted in the feces. Results in partial removal of the bile acids from the enterohepatic circulation, preventing their reabsorption
HTN stage 1
130-139 or 80-90
HTN stage 2
> 140 or >90
Drugs that increase HTN
Amphetamine and ADHD drugs, cocaine, decongestants (pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine), erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, immunosuppressants (cyclosporine), NSAIDs, systemic corticosteroids
Natural products that reduce blood pressure
garlic, fish oil, coenzyme Q10, L-arginine
When to start HTN treatment
- stage 2 HTN
- stage 1 HTN and:
clinical CVD, 10 year ASCVD risk > 10%, does not meet BP goal after 6 months of lifestyle
BP goal for patients on HTN tx
< 130/80 mmHg
HTN drug selection: non-black patients
thiazide, DHP, CCB, ACEi or ARB
HTN drug selection: black
thiazide or DHP CCB
HTN drug selection: CKD (all days)
ACEi or ARB (to slow progression to ESRD)
HTN drug selection: diabetes with albuminuria
ACEi or ARB
HTN drug selection: diabetes with CAD
ACEi or ARB
Which HTN drugs have a boxed warning for fetal toxicity?
ACEi, ARB, and aliskiren
in pregnant patients with chronic HTN when should they receive drug treatment
> 160/>105
which drugs are recommended for HTN in pregnant patients
labetolol and nifedipine XL (sometimes methyldopa but may be less effective at lowering BP)
Thiazide diuretics
inhibit sodium reabsorption in the DCT causing an increased excretion of sodium, chloride, water, and potassium
thiazide diuretic safety
- contraindicated in those with an allergy to sulfa drugs
- decreased K, Mg, Na
-increase Ca, UA, LDL, TG, BG - photosensitivity and impotence
-not effective when CrCl < 30 mL/min
DHP CCB
inhibit ca ions from entering vascular smooth muscle and myocardial cells causing peripheral arterial vasodilation (decrease SVR and BP)
common side effects of DHP CCB
reflex tachycardia/palpitations, headaches, flushing, peripheral edema
-gingival hyperplasia
Nifedipine IR
do not use for chronic hypertension or acute BP reduction in non-pregnant adults (profound hypotension, MI and/or death)
clevidipine (cleviprex) - HTN
lipid emulsion (provides 2 kcal/mL)
-do not use in those with allergy to soybeans, soy products or eggs
non-DHP CCB
inhibit ca ions from entering vascular smooth muscle and myocardial cells but are more elective for myocardium than the DHP CCBs
-BP effect is due to negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects
Diltiazem and Verapamil
- may worsen heart failure and bradycardia
- common side effects: edema, constipation, gingival hyperplasia
-IV:PO dose conversions are not 1:1
all CCBs are
major substrates of CYP3A4
-no grapefruit juice
-use lower doses of simvastatin or lovastatin with non-DHP CCB
ACEi
block the conversion of ANG I to ANG II resulting in decreased vasoconstriction and decreased aldosterone secretion. The blocking of degradation of bradykinin - is thought to contribute to the vasodilatory effects
ACEi safety
- fetal toxicity
- do not use with history of angioedema
- do not use within 36 hours of entresto
- hyperkalemia, hypotension, renal impairment, increased SCr
ARBs
block ANG II from binding to the angiotensin II type-1 receptor on vascular smooth muscle preventing vasoconstriction
ARB safety
no wash out period needed with entresto
-olmesartan sprue-like enteropathy
direct renin inhibitor
aliskiren - do not use with ACEis or ARBs in patients with diabetes
spironolactone
non-selective aldosterone receptor antagonist (potassium-sparing)
eplerenone
a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist that does no exhibit endocrine side effects
potassium-sparing diuretic safety
-hyperkalemia, increased SCr, dizziness
-spironolactone: gynecomastia, breast tenderness, impotence
beta-blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
acebutolol, penbutolol, and pindolol
beta-1 selective blockers
- do not discontinue abruptly
- can worsen hyperglycemia and mask hypoglycemia
- use caution in those with bronchospastic disease (beta-1 are preferred)
- lopressor and toprol xl are the only ones that should be taken with food
metoprolol tartrate IV to PO ratio
1:2.5
beta-1 selective blocker with NO
nebivolol
propranolol (Inderal LA, Inderal XL)
has high lipid solubility and crosses BBB (more CNS side effects) and makes it useful for certain conditions (migraine ppx, tremor)
Non-selective Beta-1 and Beta-2 blockers
used in portal HTN
why do you need to take carvedilol with food
decrease the rate of absorption and the risk of orthostatic hypotension
centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists
methyldopa, clonidine, and guanfacine
contraindications to methyldopa
concurrent use of MAOi
why can you not abruptly stop a2 adrenergic agonists
rebound HTN
warnings for methyldopa
hemolytic anemia
common side effects of a2 adrenergic agonists
dry mouth, somnolence, fatigue, dizziness, constipation, decreased HR, hypotension, impotence
methyldopa
DILE
hydralazine
DILE
-peripheral edema, headache, flushing, palpitations, reflex tachycardia
minoxidil
potent antihypertensive
-fluid retention, tachycardia, hair growth