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CPCE Study Prep (Rosenthal Purple Book) 🕮 > CACREP AREA: Social and Cultural Diversity > Flashcards

CACREP AREA: Social and Cultural Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as…?

**HINT: **Multiple answers

A

1) Cross-cultural counseling
2) Multicultural counseling
3) Intercultural counseling

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2
Q

Culture refers to…?

**HINT: **Multiple answers

A

1) Customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups
2) Values shared by a group that are learned from others in the group
3) Attitudes, beliefs, art, and language often passed from generation to generation

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3
Q

Our culture is more diverse than in the past. Multicultural counselors often work with persons who are culturally different. This means the client…? 

A

Belongs to a different culture from the helper

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4
Q

In order to diagnose clients from a different culture, counselors…?

A

The counselor ideally will need some information regarding the specifics of the culture

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5
Q

In the United States, each socioeconomic group represents a separate what?

A

A separate culture

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6
Q

Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement?

A

Eric Berne

**HINT: **Eric Berne is the father of transactional analysis, which is a framework for understanding human behavior and communication through the interactions of three ego states: Parent, Adult, and Child

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7
Q

__?__ and __?__ would say that regardless of culture, humans have an instinct to fight.

A

Freud; Lorenz

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8
Q

__?__ believe that aggression is learned. Thus, a child who witnesses aggressive behavior in adults may imitate the aggressive behavior.

A

Social learning theorists

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9
Q

The APGA, which became the AACD until 1992 and is now the ACA, contributed to the growth of cross-cultural counseling by…?

A

The 1972 formation of the Association for Non-White Concerns in Personnel and Guidance, later known as the Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development

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10
Q

Daniel Levinson proposed a controversial stage-crises view theory with several major life transitions. What is he most known for?

**HINT: **Multiple answers

A

1) Wrote the 1978 classic “Seasons of a Man’s Life” and the 1997 sequel of “Seasons of a Woman’s Life”
2) Postulated a midlife crises for men between ages 40-45 and for women approximately five years earlier

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11
Q

The three factors which enhance interpersonal attraction are…?

A

Close proximity, physical attraction, & similar beliefs

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12
Q

The term contextualism implies that…?

A

Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

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13
Q

Carol Giligan, although she was an assistant to Lawrence Kohlberg, was critical of his theory of moral development, as she felt it was…?

A

More applicable to males than females

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14
Q

__?__ helped popularize the multicultural counseling movement

A

The civil rights movement

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15
Q

When a counselor speaks of a probable outcome in a case, he or she is technically referring to what?

A

The prognosis

**HINT: **Prognosis refers to the probability that one can recover from a condition

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16
Q

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to what?

A

Recommendations

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17
Q

The 1971 famous Stanford Prison experiment conducted by Phillip Zimbardo demonstrated that…?

A

People conform to social roles

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18
Q

Concerning race/cultural background and counseling, a wealth of research demonstrates that…?

A

In most instances,clients preder a counselor of the same race and a similar cultural background

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19
Q

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with which figure/theorist?

A

John Dollard and Neal Miller

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20
Q

A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is __?__ [which theorist(s)?] cognitive dissonance theory

A

Festinger’s

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21
Q

Culture is really a set of rules, procedures, ideas, and values shared by members of a society. Culture is said to be normative. This implies what about culture?

A

Culture provides individuals with standards of conduct

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22
Q

A statistical norm measures actual conduct, while a cultural norm…?

A

Describes how people are supposed to act

**HINT: **While a statistical norm measures actual conduct, a cultural norm describes the expectations of how one should act

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23
Q

Mores are beliefs and social customs that…?

A

Regarding the rightness or wrongness of behaviors

HINT: Mores are societal norms that are considered crucial for maintaining moral standards, while folkways are less critical norms that govern everyday behavior and customs.

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24
Q

__?__ was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.

A

Frank Parsons (the father of guidance)

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25
Q

A counselor who is part of a research study will be counseling clients in the polar regions and then at a point near the equator. The counselor’s primary concern will be…?

HINT: Multiple answers

A

1) National culture
2) Ecological culture

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26
Q

Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by…?

A

Universal culture

**HINT: **Biological similarities and sameness are indicated by universal culture through common human needs, emotions, and physiological traits that transcend cultural boundaries.

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27
Q

Early vocalization in infants is…?

A

Nearly identical in all cultures around the globe

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28
Q

In the 1920’s, Emory Bogardus developed a social distance scale, which evaluated…?

A

How an individual felt toward other ethnic groups

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29
Q

According to the foot-in-the-door, compliance technique, which has two distinct steps, the counselor who needs to make a home visit to a resistant client’s home should…?

A

Ask to come in the home

**HINT: **The foot-in-the-door compliance technique is getting someone to agree to a small request first to increase the chances they’ll agree to a bigger request later.

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30
Q

Most counselors have an official language, a stated viewpoint, and a central government. This is reflected mainly by…?

A

National culture

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31
Q

Whereas a culture is defined primarily via norms and values, a society differs from a culture in that a society is…?

A

A self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory

**HINT: **In other words, A group that keeps going on its own and stays/lives in one specific area.

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32
Q

What is true of ethnocentrism?

A

Uses one’s own culture as a yardstick to measure all others

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33
Q

The following statement is an example of what is not ethnocentric…

A

The gross domestic product in the U.S. exceeds the figure in Mexico

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34
Q

Ethnocentrism promotes…?

HINT: Multiple answers

A

1) A sense of patriotism and national sovereignty
2) Stability and pride, yet danger in the nuclear age

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35
Q

Regardless of culture, the popular individual…?

A

Has good social skills

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36
Q

Social exchange theory postulates that a relationship…?

A

A relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs

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37
Q

Balance theory postulates a…

HINT: Multiple answers

A

1) A move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency
2) A tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state

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38
Q

Most individuals believe that people whom they perceive as attractive…?

A

Have other positive traits

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39
Q

A counselor who works primarily with all older adults needs to be aware that…?

A

Financial security snd health are best predictors of retirement adjustment

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40
Q

Most experts would agree that a multicultural counselor’s diagnosis must be…?

A

Must be done within a cultural context

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41
Q

A counselor who is seeing a client from a different culture would most likely expect __?__ social conformity than he or she would from a client from his or her own culture

A

Less

42
Q

In terms of diagnosis (in the context of culture), what is true?

A

A client’s behavior could be sane and appropriate in one culture, yet disturbed and bizarre in another

43
Q

In the United States, a frequent practice is to see a perfect stranger for therapy. What is true of this trend?

A

In other cultures it would not be the norm to see a stranger and receive pay for providing help

44
Q

According to the cognitive dissonance theory of Leon Festinger, a woman has an approach-approach conflict. She has her choice of a beautiful silver watch and an equally stunning gold watch. Both are different brands. She feels the silver model will be pertect for some of her jewelry and outfits while the gold is ideal for other jewelry and modes of dress. She chooses the silver watch.

What will be true for this woman according to the cognitive dissonance theory?

A

She will read positive reviews on the silver watch – and possibly negative reviews about the gold model – after the purchase to justify her behavior and reduce post-decisions dissonance

45
Q

A woman who is being robbed would…?

A

Find that the number of people who would respond to her distress actually decreases as the number of bystanders increases

46
Q

A counselor reading Rosenthal’s Purple Book says, “I couldn’t care less about passing any comprehensive exam”. This is what?

A

An attempt to reduce dissonance by denial, thus minimizing tension

47
Q

The statement “even though my car is old and doesn’t run well, it sure keeps my insurance payments low”, is what?

A

An attempt to reduce dissonance via consistent cognitions

48
Q

In the case of an individual who purchased a $50,000 watch, cognitive dissonance theory postulates he or she might…?

HINT: Multiple answers

A

1) He/she might ignore positive info regarding other models and secure a lot of info regarding the $50,000 platinum model
2) He/she might focus heavily on negative info regarding rival models

49
Q

In the United States, middle and upper class citizen’s seem to want a counselor who…? 

A

Helps them work it out on their own

**HINT: **middle-upper class are taught/beleieve independence is of virtue

50
Q

In a traditional culture, which places a high premium on authority, figures, what is true?

HINT: Multiple answers

A

1) Passitivty on the part of the counselor would be viewed in a negative manner
2) A client would be disappointed if he/she did not receive advice
3) Assigning homework and teaching on the part of the counselor would be appropriate

51
Q

Cognitive dissonance research deals mainly with what?

A

Cognition and attitude formation

52
Q

Parents who do not tolerate or use aggression when raising children produce what type of children?

A

Less-aggressive children

53
Q

What is true overall of Rogerian person-centered counseling in its use?

A

Has been used more than other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races

54
Q

In intercultural/multicultural counseling the term “therapeutic surrender” means what?

A

The client psychologically surrenders themself to a counselor from a different culture and becomes open with feelings and thoughts

55
Q

The literature suggests what factors as helpful in promoting therapeutic surrender?

A

Rapport, trust, listening, conquering client reistnace, and self-disclosure

56
Q

In terms of trust and therapeutic surrender, what is true?

HINT: Multiple answers

A

1) It’s easier to trust people from one’s own culture
2) Lower-income people often don’t trust others from a higher social class
3) Lower-income clients may feel that they will end up as losers dealing with a counselor from a higher social class

57
Q

A(n) __?__ client would most likely have the most difficulty with self-disclosure when speaking to a white counselor

A

African American Male

**HINT: **Males sometimes have a harder time expressing their emotions, so African American males would have a difficult time opening up to a white man

58
Q

According to assimilation-contrast theory, a client will perceive a counselor’s statement that is somewhat like his or her own beliefs as even more similar (i.e., an assimilation error).

He or she would perceive any dissimilar attitudes as…?

A

Even more dissimilar (i.e., contrast error)

59
Q

When counseling a client from a different culture, a common error is made when a negative transference is…?

A

Interpreted as therapeutic resistance

60
Q

What is true of counselors who have good listening skills?

A

They facilitate therapeutic surrender

HINT: Therapeutic surrender = when a client fully trusts and opens up to their therapist, allowing for effective treatment

61
Q

Concerning culture, counselors can more easily advise clients from…?

A

Their own culture

62
Q

For a counselor (in a cultural context), it is easiest to empathize with clients who are what?

A

A client who is similar to you

63
Q

In cross-cultural counseling, structuring is very important. This concept asserts that counseling is most effect when…?

A

When the nature and structure of the counseling situation is described during the initial session

64
Q

A client from another culture (in the context of communication/language with a counselor) will…?

A

Speak to the counselor differently from the way he or she would when when speaking to someone of his/her own background

65
Q

An African American client tells a white counselor that the dance she went to last night was “bad”, though she literally means it was good. The counselors misunderstanding could best be described as a…?

A

Connotative error

**HINT: **Connotation applies to the emotional content of a word, which is different from the true or dictionary definition

66
Q

What is true of a a monolingual U.S. counselor?

A

They speak only English

67
Q

__?__ was a prime factor in the history of multicultural counseling.

A

The 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown vs Board of Ed, which outlawed public school segregation

68
Q

Multicultural counseling promotes what?

A

Eclecticism

**HINT: **integrating diverse therapeutic approaches and techniques from various cultural perspectives to better meet clients’ needs

69
Q

Multicultural counselors often adhere to the emic viewpoint. What is true of the word emic?

A

It’s a culture-specific perspective, from the word phonemic meaning sounds in a particular language

**HINT: **Emic = insider perspective, focus on understanding behaviors and concepts within specific cultural contexts

70
Q

A practicum supervisor who says to his or her supervisee “you can deal with you Asian American clients the same with anybody else” is espousing what viewpoint?

A

Etic viewpoint, derived from the term phonetic referring to sounds that remain the same in any language

**HINT: **Etic = outsider perspective, seek universal/similar principles accross cultures

71
Q

The statement “all humans from all cultures, all races, and all nations, are more alike than different” is based on what viewpoint?

A

Etic viewpoint

72
Q

A counselor is confronted with his or her first Native America client. Native Americans are descendants of the original inhabitants of North America. After the initial session, the counselor secured several books which delineate the cultural aspects of Native American life. The counselor discovers that there are over 560 federally recognized tribes in the United States.

This counselor most likely believes in what viewpoint?

A

Emic viewpoint

73
Q

An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, “if you’re unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system”.

This is the __?__ viewpoint for coping with the environment

A

Alloplastic

HINT: Allo = changing the external enviroment (rather than the self)

74
Q

A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, “I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you”.

In this case, the counselor has suggest has what?

A

An autoplastic method of coping

HINT: Auto = changing the self (rather than the enviorment)

75
Q

You are counseling a client from a different culture. She cannot move her right arm, but has been examined by some of the finest physicians and they cannot find any physical reason for her condition. The irony is that she is there to work on some personal issues but states forthrightly that the total lack of mobility in her arm does not bother her and thus is not an issue to deal with in the counseling sessions.

The most likely explanation would be…?

A

She has a conversion disorder with la belle indifference

**HINT: **Conversion disorder with la belle indifference is a psychological condition where a person exhibits neurological symptoms, such as paralysis or blindness, without medical cause, and shows an unusually calm attitude towards their symptoms

76
Q

Positive transference is to love or affection as negative transference is to hostility, and as ambivalent transference is to __?__

A

Uncertainty

77
Q

The word “personalism” in the context of multicultural counseling means what?

A

All people must adjust to enviromental and geological demands

HINT: Personalism implies that the counselor will make the best progress if he/she sees the client primarily as a person who has learned a set of survival skills rather than as a diseased patient

78
Q

A client whose counselor pushes the alloplastic viewpoint may believe his counselor is simply what?

A

Attacking the system

79
Q

Good multicultural counselors are…?

A

Flexible

80
Q

A client remarks “hey, I’m African American and it’s nearly impossible to hide it”. This is illustrative of the fact that…?

A

Race is not the same as ethnicity

81
Q

Experts in the field of multicultural counseling feel that counselor’s training…?

A

Should be broad and interdisciplinary

82
Q

Doing cross-cultural counseling…?

A

Makes counselors increasingly aware of cultural differences

83
Q

Floyd Henry Allport created the concept of social facilitation. According to this theory, an individual who is given the task of memorizing a list of numbers will preform better if he or she…?

A

Is a part of a group

84
Q

In social psychology, the sleeper effect asserts that…?

A

After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message

**HINT: **sleeper effect is a psychological phenomenon where a message initially has little influence but gains effectiveness over time, often because the source of the message is forgotten or disassociated.

85
Q

In 1908, books by __?__ helped introduce social psychology in America.

A

William McDougal and Edward Ross

86
Q

__?__ (theorist), is associated with obedience and authority

A

Stanley Milgram (a noted psychologist)

87
Q

Milgram discovered that normal people would administer seemingly fatal electric shocks to others when instructions to do so were given by a person perceived as an…?

A

An authority figure

88
Q

The tendency to affiliate with others is…?

A

Is highest in firstborns and only children

**HINT: **Stanley Schachter concluded in his study that the need to affiliate with others decreases for later-born children

89
Q

A client tells his counselor that he has a choice of entering one of two prestigious PhD counseling programs. Kurt Lewin would call this an…?

A

Approach-approach conflict

90
Q

When a person had two negative alternatives, it is called an…?

A

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

91
Q

A male client tells his counselor that he is attracted to a gorgeous woman who is violent and chemically dependent. This creates an…?

A

Approach-avoidance conflict

**HINT: **Approach-avoidance conflict presents a positive factor with a negative factor at the same time

92
Q

According to Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum’s congruity theory, a client vill accept suggestions more readily if the client…?

A

Likes the counselor

93
Q

What is true of an adept multicultural counselor?

A

They usually support the salad bowl model of diversity

94
Q

A classic experiment in social psychology was conducted by the social psychologist Muzafer Sherif et al. at a boys’ summer camp near Robbers’ Cave, Oklahoma.

The important finding in this study was that…?

A

A cooperative or so-called superordinate goal attained only by working in a joint manner, can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation

HINT: The Robbers Cave experiment by Muzafer Sherif demonstrated how intergroup conflict and cooperation can be created and resolved through group competition and collaborative tasks requiring superordinate goals, which are shared objectives that necessitate cooperation between groups.

95
Q

In the contexts of clients and counselors, sex-role stereotyping would imply that…?

**HINT: **Multiple answers

A

1) A counselor would only consider traditional feminine careers for his female client
2) A male counselor would rate a female client’s emotional status differently than he would a male client’s

96
Q

The statement, “whites are better than African Americans” illustrates what issue?

A

Racism

97
Q

In terms of research related to affiliation, what is true?

**HINT: **Multiple answers

A

1) Misery loves miserable company
2) Firstborns are more likely to affiliate than other children born later
3) People affiliate in an attempt to lower fear

98
Q

Six persons attend a counseling group. After the group, five members praise the merits of a group activity assigned by the group leader. The sixth person, who has heard the opinion of the other five people, felt the activity was useless and boring.

According to studies on social behavior, about one third of the time, the sixth individual would most likely tell the other five that he…?

A

He too felt the group activity was very helpful

HINT: This questions is illustrative of an Asch situation

99
Q

The client who would most likely engage in introspection would be a…?

A

52 year old single African American male school administrator

HINT: Individuals with higher socioeconomic status have more time to look within themselves/introspect

100
Q

A Japanese client who was reluctant to look you in the eye during her counseling session would most likely be displaying what?

A

Normal behavior within the context of her culture

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