CACREP AREA: Career Development Flashcards
Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized since when?
Since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.
HINT: The start of the guidance movement is associated with the works of Frank Parsons
One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the “glass ceiling phenomenon.”
Assuming that a counselor’s behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would the counselor most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance a higher position?
“Let’s be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”
HINT: Glass cieling phenomenon suggests women are limited in terms of how far they can advance in the world of work – its a form of occupational sex-role steretyping
Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that…?
A very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis.
Which statement is true of dual-career families?
Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working
In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family.
In a dual-career household, the woman is…?
Is typically secure in her career before she has children.
In the context of students and vocational guidance, studies indicate that students…?
Students want more vocational guidance than they receive.
HINT: Guidance is seen as a developmental and educational process within a school system
In the context of workers, education, and their earnings, statistics reveal what occurs to occur on average?
On average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.
When professional career counselors use the term “leisure” they technically mean what?
The time the client has away from work which is NOT being utilized for obligations (in other words, free or self-care time).
HINT: A leisure activity one engages in for pleasure rather than money is often referred to as “avocation”
In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples, what is true for them?
Dual-career families/couples have LESS leisure time.
A client who says, “I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman” is showing an example of…?
Gender Bias
One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach.
This approach attempts to do what?
Attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
**HINT: **
Trait-and-factor theory = assumes that psychological testing one’s personality could be matched to an occupation which stresses those particular personality treats
The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with which theorists?
Parsons and Williamson.
HINT:
The Trait-and-approach theory assumes that an individual’s traits can be measured so accurately that the choice of an occupation is a one-time process
EXAM HINT = CPCE exam may ask if trait-and-factor model is grounded in differential psychology (study of individual differences) – the answers is YES, it is.
The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts what?
HINT: multiple answers
1) testing is an important part of the counseling process.
2) a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job
HINT:
Parsons suggests three (3) steps to implement the trait-and-factor approach:
1) Knowledge of the self and aptitudes and interests
2) Knowledge of jobs, including the advantages and disadvantages of them
3) Matching the individual with the work
In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons.
Parsons has been called the father of what?
The father of vocational guidance.
Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?
The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.
Edmund Griffith Williamson’s work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientitic and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as what instrument?
Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales
The trait-and-factor approach fails to take what into account?
Individual change throughout the life span
Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice based on what?
Based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.
HINT:
Roe was one of the first people to suggest a theory of career choice based heavily on personality theory – theory is mainly based on psychoanalytic approach
Roe highlights needs which are satisfied do not become unconscious motivators – the higher order needs will dissapear even if they are rarely satisfied while lower order needs (EX: safety) will be more of a concern
Roe further notes needs that are satisfied after a long delay will become unconscious motivator
Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing what?
Fields and levels.
HINTS:
Eight occupational fields skills =
1) serivice
2) business contact
3) organizations
4) technology
5) outdoor
6) science
7) general culture
8) arts/entertainment
Six occupational levels skills =
1) professional and managerial 1
2) professional and managerial 2
3) semi professional/small business
4) skilled
5) semi skilled
6) unskilled
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “fields” EXCEPT…?
Unskilled (“level” of occupational skill or responsibility)
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “levels” EXCEPT:
Outdoor
Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant.
The result is that the child will…?
Will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.
Roe’s theory relies on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice, what is true?
Lower-order needs take precedence over higher order needs.
Some support for Roe’s theory comes from what assessments?
The Rorschach and the TAT.
In terms of genetics, Roe’s theory would assert that genetics…?
Genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one’s career choice.
HINT: according to Roe, career choice is influenced by – genetics, parent-child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests (people/things), education, and intelligence.
According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels, the choice of career does what?
The choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual’s needs.
A 37-year-old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing.
This verbalization depicts the client’s…?
Job or position.
HINT:
Job/position = a given position or similar positions within an organization, most specific
occupation = broader and refers to similar jobs occupied via different people in different settings
career = broadest category, it depicts a person’s lifetime psotions plus leisure
Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice.
Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was…?
Edwin Bordin
**HINT: **Bordin felt that career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts
Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice are…?
Are indicative of neurotic symptoms.
Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill.
Brill emphasized ___?___ as an ego defense mechanism
Sublimation
(when an individual expresses an unacceptable need in a socially acceptable manner; ex: person who is violent/likes to fight may become a boxer)
A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing ___?___ according to Brill’s theory of career choice.
Sublimation
Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of who?
John Holland
**HINT: **
Holland’s theory is described by his four (4) assumptions
1) in our culture, there are six basic personality types
2) most work enviroments correspond to the six personality types
3) people search out an agreeable enviroment which lets them express their personality type
4) individuals behavior is determined by an interaction of the personality and the enviroment
Holland categorized ___?___ (number) personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.
Six (6)
HINT:
1) Realistic
2) Investigative
3) Artistic
4) Sociasl
5) Enterprising
6) Conventional
Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as what type of theorists?
Personality
(NOTE: on CPCE, might be referred to as “structural”)
Counselors who support John Holland’s approach believe that…?
An appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality
Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social.
A middle school counselor is most likely which oreintation?
Social
HINT: People in the social category prefers to solve problems using interpersonal skills and feelings
Holland’s theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be which of the six orientations?
Enterprising
HINT: people in the enterprising category likes to sell to others or perform leadership tasks – they tend to value power and status
A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into which of Holland’s six orientations/typology?
Realistic
HINT: people in this category like working with machines
Holland’s psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily which of the six orientations/types?
Investigative
HINT: a person in investigative category like to think their way through a problem – jobs can include scientists, design engineers, geologists, mathematicians, and philosophers
Holland’s artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability.
Which of the following clients would NOT be best described via the artistic typology?
A 33-year-old female drill press operator (this fits under the “realistic” typology)
