CACREP AREA: Career Development Flashcards
Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized since when?
Since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.
HINT: The start of the guidance movement is associated with the works of Frank Parsons
One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the “glass ceiling phenomenon.”
Assuming that a counselor’s behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would the counselor most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance a higher position?
“Let’s be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I’m here to help you cope with this reality.”
HINT: Glass cieling phenomenon suggests women are limited in terms of how far they can advance in the world of work – its a form of occupational sex-role steretyping
Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that…?
A very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis.
Which statement is true of dual-career families?
Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working
In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family.
In a dual-career household, the woman is…?
Is typically secure in her career before she has children.
In the context of students and vocational guidance, studies indicate that students…?
Students want more vocational guidance than they receive.
HINT: Guidance is seen as a developmental and educational process within a school system
In the context of workers, education, and their earnings, statistics reveal what occurs to occur on average?
On average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.
When professional career counselors use the term “leisure” they technically mean what?
The time the client has away from work which is NOT being utilized for obligations (in other words, free or self-care time).
HINT: A leisure activity one engages in for pleasure rather than money is often referred to as “avocation”
In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples, what is true for them?
Dual-career families/couples have LESS leisure time.
A client who says, “I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman” is showing an example of…?
Gender Bias
One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach.
This approach attempts to do what?
Attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
**HINT: **
Trait-and-factor theory = assumes that psychological testing one’s personality could be matched to an occupation which stresses those particular personality treats
The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with which theorists?
Parsons and Williamson.
HINT:
The Trait-and-approach theory assumes that an individual’s traits can be measured so accurately that the choice of an occupation is a one-time process
EXAM HINT = CPCE exam may ask if trait-and-factor model is grounded in differential psychology (study of individual differences) – the answers is YES, it is.
The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts what?
HINT: multiple answers
1) testing is an important part of the counseling process.
2) a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job
HINT:
Parsons suggests three (3) steps to implement the trait-and-factor approach:
1) Knowledge of the self and aptitudes and interests
2) Knowledge of jobs, including the advantages and disadvantages of them
3) Matching the individual with the work
In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons.
Parsons has been called the father of what?
The father of vocational guidance.
Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?
The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.
Edmund Griffith Williamson’s work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientitic and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as what instrument?
Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales
The trait-and-factor approach fails to take what into account?
Individual change throughout the life span
Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice based on what?
Based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.
HINT:
Roe was one of the first people to suggest a theory of career choice based heavily on personality theory – theory is mainly based on psychoanalytic approach
Roe highlights needs which are satisfied do not become unconscious motivators – the higher order needs will dissapear even if they are rarely satisfied while lower order needs (EX: safety) will be more of a concern
Roe further notes needs that are satisfied after a long delay will become unconscious motivator
Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing what?
Fields and levels.
HINTS:
Eight occupational fields skills =
1) serivice
2) business contact
3) organizations
4) technology
5) outdoor
6) science
7) general culture
8) arts/entertainment
Six occupational levels skills =
1) professional and managerial 1
2) professional and managerial 2
3) semi professional/small business
4) skilled
5) semi skilled
6) unskilled
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “fields” EXCEPT…?
Unskilled (“level” of occupational skill or responsibility)
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “levels” EXCEPT:
Outdoor
Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant.
The result is that the child will…?
Will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.
Roe’s theory relies on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice, what is true?
Lower-order needs take precedence over higher order needs.
Some support for Roe’s theory comes from what assessments?
The Rorschach and the TAT.
In terms of genetics, Roe’s theory would assert that genetics…?
Genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one’s career choice.
HINT: according to Roe, career choice is influenced by – genetics, parent-child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests (people/things), education, and intelligence.
According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels, the choice of career does what?
The choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual’s needs.
A 37-year-old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing.
This verbalization depicts the client’s…?
Job or position.
HINT:
Job/position = a given position or similar positions within an organization, most specific
occupation = broader and refers to similar jobs occupied via different people in different settings
career = broadest category, it depicts a person’s lifetime psotions plus leisure
Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice.
Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was…?
Edwin Bordin
**HINT: **Bordin felt that career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts
Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice are…?
Are indicative of neurotic symptoms.
Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill.
Brill emphasized ___?___ as an ego defense mechanism
Sublimation
(when an individual expresses an unacceptable need in a socially acceptable manner; ex: person who is violent/likes to fight may become a boxer)
A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing ___?___ according to Brill’s theory of career choice.
Sublimation
Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of who?
John Holland
**HINT: **
Holland’s theory is described by his four (4) assumptions
1) in our culture, there are six basic personality types
2) most work enviroments correspond to the six personality types
3) people search out an agreeable enviroment which lets them express their personality type
4) individuals behavior is determined by an interaction of the personality and the enviroment
Holland categorized ___?___ (number) personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.
Six (6)
HINT:
1) Realistic
2) Investigative
3) Artistic
4) Sociasl
5) Enterprising
6) Conventional
Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as what type of theorists?
Personality
(NOTE: on CPCE, might be referred to as “structural”)
Counselors who support John Holland’s approach believe that…?
An appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality
Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social.
A middle school counselor is most likely which oreintation?
Social
HINT: People in the social category prefers to solve problems using interpersonal skills and feelings
Holland’s theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be which of the six orientations?
Enterprising
HINT: people in the enterprising category likes to sell to others or perform leadership tasks – they tend to value power and status
A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into which of Holland’s six orientations/typology?
Realistic
HINT: people in this category like working with machines
Holland’s psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily which of the six orientations/types?
Investigative
HINT: a person in investigative category like to think their way through a problem – jobs can include scientists, design engineers, geologists, mathematicians, and philosophers
Holland’s artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability.
Which of the following clients would NOT be best described via the artistic typology?
A 33-year-old female drill press operator (this fits under the “realistic” typology)
Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job.
Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into which of the six orientations/typology?
Conventional
HINT: people in the conventional category values conformity, structure, rules, and feels comfortable in a subordinate role – examples includes statisticians, bank clerks, and controllers.
In regard to an individual’s behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed what?
Most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI).
**HINT: **In Holland’s theory, a person can also be described using a “profile” over three of the six type areas, which uses a three digit code
Holland believed what about a given occupation?
A given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.
Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Robert Hoppock’s theory, based on the work of ___?___, is also considered a personality approach.
Henry Murray
**HINT: **Murray created the “need-press” theory and the TAT projective test
Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time.
The pioneer theorists in this area— who were the first to forsake the matching models-were who?
Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma.
HINT: Ginzberg and associates began to emphasize developmental factors related to occupational choice
His theory highlights three stages:
1) fantasy (birth to age 11) = strongly on impulses
2) tentative (ages 11-17) = interests and abilities are examined
3) realistic (age 17 to early twenties) = choice is made by weighing abilities and needs and making compromises
Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that…?
HINT: Multiple answers
1) the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood.
2) career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span.
3) career choice is reversible.
Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities.
This theory identified three stages of career development, which are…?
HINT: Multiple answers
1) fantasy (birth to age 11)
2) tentative (ages 11-17)
3) realistic (age 17 to early twenties).
The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald
Super.
Super emphasizes what theory/concept?
The self-concept
HINT: the individual chooses a career which allows the self concept to be expressed
Super’s life-span theory emphasizes how many life stages?
Five (5)
HINT:
STAGES =
1) growth, birth-14
2) exploration, 15-24
3) establishment, 24-44
4) maintenance, 44-64
5) decline, 65+
Super’s life-span theory includes the life-career ___?___
[life-career] rainbow.
**HINT: **
Life span theory notes people play a number of roles as they advance through five stages – Super called the graphic display of the roles unfolding over the life span the “career rainbow”
roles include =
1) parent
2) homemaker
3) worker
4) citizen
5) leisurite
6) student
7) child
Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of which theorist?
John Crites
The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by which theorists?
David Tiedeman and Robert O’ Hara.
**HINT: **
Tiedeman and O’ Hara suggested that the decision process is best explained by breaking it down into two part process
1) anticipation stage = individual imgaines themself in a given career
2) implementation/adjustment stage = person engages in reality testing regarding their expectations concerning the occupation
John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice.
This model is based mainly on the work of which theorist?
Albert Bandura.
The model Krumboltz suggested is a…?
behavioristic model of career development.
**HINT: **Krumboltz believed that decision making, in terms of career options as well as noncareer options, is a skill which can be learned
A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely do what?
Suggest a site visit to a work setting.
A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as “the fuel of the decision.”
The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems, which are…?
HINT: Multiple answers
1) predictive
2) value
3) decision.
HINT:
1) predictive system = concerned with probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities
2) value system = concerned with one’s relative preferences regarding the outcomes
3) decision system = provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome
In the Gelatt Model, the predictive system deals with…?
alternatives and the probability of outcomes.
Linda Gottfredson’s developmental theory of career focuses on…?
circumscription and compromise theory.
HINT: Gottsfredson noted people do restrict choices (circumscription) and when people do compromise in regard to picking a job they will sacrifice the field of work before they sacrifice sex-typed behavior or prestige
The most effective method adults use to find jobs in the United States is…?
Securing information via ads in the newspaper.
When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to what?
Occupational Outlook Handbook.
HINT: highlights the salient factors of the job, neccesary training, earnings, and even advancement opportunities and discusses job prospects for the future
At its zenith the DOT listed approximately how many job titles?
approximately 20,000 job titles.
HINT:
DOT = dictionary of occupational titles
This system provides a classification system for career counselors ; ONET became a virtual replacement for DOT
In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, each job was given a ___?___ (number) digit code
Nine (9)
HINT:
First three digits = designates the occupational category and divisions
Middle three digits = describes tasks in relation to data
Last three digits = helps alphabetizes the titles
The DOT was first published by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1938.
The first three digits in a DOT code referred to what?
An occupational group.
You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state.
The best resource would be…?
The Bureau of Labor Statistics website.
A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the…?
OOH (Occupational Outlook Handbook)
HINT: this handbook focuses on outlook and useful trends or predictions in the labor market
Gender issues impact career counseling such as career segregation.
Men are overrepresented in ___?___ positions while women often have ___?___
labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs
A counselor with a master’s degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of what?
underemployment.
HINT:
Underemployment = when a worker is engaged in a position which is below their skill level
According to the OOH, the highest-paying profession would be…?
A psychiatrist.
In a lifetime, the average person has how many jobs?
10 to 15 jobs
Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of which theorist?
Albert Bandura
HINT: Bandura proposed that one’s belief or expectation of being successful in an occupation causes the individual to gravitate toward that particular occupation
The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIG) and Choices are what?
computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG).
NOTE: CPCE might use computer based career information systems (CBCIS) in place of CACG
A client who likes her flower-arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work.
This phenomenon is best described as…?
spillover
**HINT: **
Spillover = indivudal’s work life spills over into their time off from their job
A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man.
This phenomenon is best described as…?
compensatory effect
HINT:
Compensatory effect = suggests a worker compensates or makes up for things he or she cannot do on the job
(ex; librarian who has to be quiet for their 8 hour shift will go out and be crazy/wild/loud after work)
The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913.
It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become what organization?
APGA = American Personnel and Guidance Association
Lifestyle includes…?
HINT: Multiple answers
1) work
2) leisure
3) style of living.
HINT:
Lifestyle = broad term that describes overall balance of work, leisure family and social activities
The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Hollands theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience what?
Satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests
HINT: this test indicated how examinees likes and dislikes were similar to the likes and silikes of workers in various occupations
The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is…?
HINT: Multiple answers
1) based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types
2) self-administered
3) self-scored and self-interpreted.
**HINT: **
SDS = Self direct search
At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, “The client’s disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work.”
This technically implies the client will…?
The client will not need to lift over 10 pounds
The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that most jobs…?
most jobs are not advertised.
The SDS (available online or in print) score will reveal…?
the individual’s three highest scores based on Holland’s personality types.
HINT:
SDS = Self direct search
SDS provides the user with a three letter code that indicates the three personality types the examineemost resembles (from Hollands six categories)
As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard.
The instructor is most likely discussing which theorist?
John Holland
The Kuder Career Planning System (KCPS) would be appropriate for which group(s)?
K-12, postsecondary, and even adults.
HINT: KCPS offers career planning and online education for nearly any age bracket
Some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual-earner household from a dual-career household or family.
All the statements below are false EXCEPT…?
Dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families.
Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O*NET Ability Profiler grew out of which movement?
trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling
A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment.
She is best described as a…?
A displaced homemaker.
According to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination, women make…?
Women make less than men for doing the same job.
According to the concept of occupational sex segregation, most women hold…?
Most women hold low-paying jobs with low status.
A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests what?
Counselor bias based on gender bias.
Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often…?
Have lower career aspirations than a man.
**HINT: **Fitgerald and Crites discovered even when a girl manifests hgiher career maturity than boys, their aspirations are lower
A displaced homemaker might have grown children or be…?
HINT: Multiple answers
1) be widowed and seeking employment.
2) be divorced and seeking employment.
Midlife career change is…?
Is not that unusual.
HINT: A midlife crises usually takes place between ages 35-45 – factors can include divorce, job dissatisfaction, having a baby, carrying for a disabled child, empty nest syndrome, etc.
The term “reentry woman” would best describe…?
a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant.
HINT:
Rentry women = women who goes from working within the home to working outside the home
A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware of what?
Of his or her own ethnocentric biases.
In terms of the labor market, what is true?
HINT: Multiple answers
1) the number of employees that employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up.
2) the number of employees willing to work for an employer goes up as the salary increases.
The career anchor theory was espoused (created) by which theorist?
Schein.
A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume should…?
should emphasize the importance of a cover letter
The in-basket technique would be best when you are…?
When you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position.
HINT: In-basket technique is a job simulation in which the job candidate is given a pacakge of materials (memod, emails, phone messages, requests for presentations, etc) that a manager would encounter after being off work for a period of time – person making the hiring decisionmonitors how the person makes decisions, prioritizes, delegates, attention to details, etc.
The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al. is …?
Is very behavioristic.
HINT: job-finding clubs is an example of a behavioristic group strategy in that the clients share job leads and work on actual skills which are neccesary in order to secure work – job clubs are highly recommended for the disabled
Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs?
Robert Hoppock.
HINT: Hoppock felt that to make and accurate career decision, one must know their personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of the needs
All of the following are difficulties with career testing EXCEPT?
The tests all take at least three hours to administer.
HINT: Many assessments/instruments take less than an hour to complete
