CACREP AREA: Counseling and Helping Relationships Flashcards
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory.
According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. __?__ and __?__, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.
Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
HINT: Adler = father of individual psychology, Jung = founder of analytic psychology
Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud’s structural theory that includes…?
Id, ego, and superego
In transactional analysis (TA), the ___?___
is the conscience, __?__ or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the __?__
Parent; superego
Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by…?
Identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex
Freudian’s refer to ego as the…?
Executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle
Freud’s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by…?
Thanatos
HINT: Thanatos = death/self-destruction, Eros = love/self-preservation
Think of Thanatos as the Marvel villian Thanos and Eros like arrows as in cupid’s arrows or Harry Styles superhero character in TThe Eternals
The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the…?
Pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst
If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the…?
Ego
**HINT: **Ego (reality principle) attempts to balance the Id (pleasure principle) and the superego (ego ideal)
A therapist who says to a patient “Say whatever comes to mind” is practicing what?
Free association
The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for __?__rather than __?__ like the id.
Perfection; pleasure
Which theorist is not associated with the analytic movement?
Joseph Wolpe
HINT: Wolpe developed systematic desensitization, which is a form of behavior therapy based on Pavlov’s classical conditioning. Systematic desensitization is used to help weaken a client’s response to a anxiety-provoking stimuli
Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled “The Interpretation of Dreams” was his most influential. Dreams have what (in the context of Freud)?
Manifest and latent content
HINT: Manifest content = surface meaning of a dream, Latent content = hidden meaning of a dream
When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called what?
Transference
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
Little Albert
**HINT: **Little Albert is associated with the behaviorists Watson who’s study conditioned albert to fear a white mouse
In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy does what?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
1) Utilizes fewer sessions per week
2) Does not utilize the couch
3) Is performed face to face
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as what?
Catharis and/or abreaction
HINT: Catharsis/abreaction is the emotional release of repressed feelings in counseling, leading to relief and insight.
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as __?__ is topographical theory
Unconscious, preconscious, conscious
HINT:
Topographical theory, proposed by Freud, divides the mind into three levels: the conscious (thoughts we’re aware of), the preconscious (easily accessible thoughts), and the unconscious (deep, hidden drives and desires).
The most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is…?
Oepidus complex
What concept is not one that serves as evidence for the unconscious mind?
Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)
HINT: SUDS is part of Wolpe’s systematic desensitization
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember.
This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the __?__ mind
Pre-conscious mind
HINT: Pre-conscious mind is able to bring thoughts, images, ideas, etc. into awareness
Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called…?
Ego defense mechanisms
Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms.
According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is what?
Repression
Suppression differs from repression in that…?
Repression is automatic or involuntary
An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying what ego defense mechanism?
Sublimination
HINT: Sublimation is when you channel negative or inappropriate urges into positive, productive activities
An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center’s chemical dependency program. This is the practice of…?
TRICK QUESTION — it is none of the ego defense mechanisms but rather an example of subliminal message which is difference from sublimination
A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a $1 per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of…?
Displacement
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of “F” in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as “straight A students are eggheads”. This demonstrates…?
Sour grapes rationalization
HINT: Sour grapes = individual underrates a reward/circumstance to protect ego
A master’s level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates…?
Sweet lemon rationalization
HINT: Sweet lemons = individual overrates a reward/circumstance to protect ego
A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident.
His behavior is influenced by…?
Denial
__?__ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.
Projection
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is an example of…?
Reaction formation
HINT: In reaction formation, the individual acts the opposite of how they actually feel
Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is…?
Compensation
Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, “I’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter.”
Jane is engaging in…?
Identification
A client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought patterns is a product of which ego defense mechanism?
Introjection
HINT: Introjection is when you unconsciously adopt the beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors of others, making them part of your own self
The client’s tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic
process is known as…?
Resistence
Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend what about Freud?
Many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to…?
Make the clients aware of their unconscious processes
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of which theorist and theory?
Alfred Adler’s individual psychology
HINT:
In Adler’s Individual Psychology, organ inferiority refers to the feelings of inadequacy or weakness a person has due to a physical limitation or perceived defect, which can motivate them to strive for superiority or compensation in other areas.
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as what?
Insight
C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the __?__ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the __?__ principle.
Logos; eros
HINT: Logos = logic
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them…?
Mandalas
__?__ (theorist) emphasized the drive for superiority.
Adler
The statement “Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction”, describes which theorists theory?
Alfred Adler’s theory
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized what?
Social factors
HINT:
Neo-Freudians are psychologists who expanded on Freud’s theories, focusing more on social and cultural factors rather than just sexual drives.
Key Neo-Freudians include:
1) Carl Jung – Emphasized the collective unconscious and archetypes.
2) Alfred Adler – Focused on feelings of inferiority and the drive for superiority.
3) Karen Horney – Addressed the impact of culture and interpersonal relationships on personality.
4) Erik Erikson – Developed the theory of psychosocial development with eight stages of identity formation.
5) Harry Stack Sullivan – Highlighted the importance of interpersonal relationships and social interactions.
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with which theorist?
Jung
HINT:
Jung’s concepts of introversion and extraversion relate to his theory of personality types, which categorize individuals based on their preferred focus of attention—either inwardly toward their inner world (introversion) or outwardly toward external experiences and people (extraversion).
The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of which theorist?
Carl Jung
One of Adler’s students, Rudolph Dreikurs, did what?
He was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice
Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as what?
Social connectedness
Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to do what?
Exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class
C. J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as __?_ and women to deny their masculine side known as __?__
Anima; animis
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as…?
Archetypes
Relating to Jung, common archetypes include…?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
1) The persona - the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self
2) Animus, anima, and self
3) Shadow - the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired
A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor’s verbal response is known as…?
Confrontation
During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor is…?
Most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution
HINT: Symptom substitution is a psychoanalytic concept – behaviorists DO NOT strive for this.
This concept notes if you only deal with the symptom of the issue, another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind
What is true of an eclectic counselor?
They attempt to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and situtation
The word eclectic is most closely associated with which theorist?
Frederick C. Thorne
HINT: Frederick C. Thorne is known for his work in integrative and eclectic psychotherapy, advocating for the use of multiple therapeutic approaches to address the diverse needs of clients.
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of…?
Counter-transference
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by which theorist…?
Adler
HINT: Alderians believe our lifestyle is a predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on our psychological feelings about ouselves. Adler further stressed importance of birth order in the family constellation
A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely a(n)…?
Alderian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context, never in isolation
Existentialism is to logotherapy as
is __?__ to behaviorism.
Associationism
B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on which theorists and theory?
Edwar Thorndike’s Law of Effect
HINT: Law of effect = responses accompanied by satifaction (i.e., it pleases you) will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will most likely not happen again
Classical conditioning relates to the work of which theorist?
Ivan Pavlov
An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating (an unconditioned response known as a UR or UCR) when food is presented, is called a(n)…?
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as…?
Instrumental learning
HINT: Think of the word “instrument” as a tool used to achieve a result. In operant conditioning, behavior is like an “instrument” used to get a reward or avoid punishment
Respondent behavior refers to what?
Reflexes
**HINT: **To remember this, reflex begins with the letter “R” and so does the word respondent
Concerning behavior, what is true of all reinforcers?
All reinforcers tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur
Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and is…?
Not the same thing as punishment
What is true about punishment?
Punishment decreases the probability that a behavior will occur
In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the __?__
and the meat was the __?__
Conditioned stimulus (CS); Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the conditioned stimulus [CS] and the unconditioned stimulus [US] is…?
Is 0.5 (or half a second)
Many researchers have tried putting the unconditioned stimulus [USC] which is the meat, before the conditioned stimulus [CS] which is the bell. This usually results in…?
No conditioning
HINT: Putting a unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus is known as backward conditioning. Backwards conditioning is INEFFECTIVE and DOES NOT WORK
Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child’s toy horn using Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response.
What had happened?
Stimulus generalization, or what Pavlov noted as irradiation
**HINT: **Stimulus generalization (also known as second order conditioning) is when a response learned for one stimulus (the original conditioned stimuls) is triggered by a similar but different stimuli.
EX: Little Albert who was conditioned to fear white, fury rats, being afriad of a white bearded Santa Claus
The department chairman found the poodle’s response (see flashcards #72) to his automobile horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task.
The poodle was now demonstrating what?
Stimulus discrimination
**HINT: **Stimulus discrimination is the ability to distinguish and respond differently to distinct stimuli, only reacting to the specific one that was conditioned
The department chair was further amused by the poodle’s tendency to be able to discriminate one conditioned stimulus [CS] from another (see previous flashcards #73). He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student’s Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking.
In this case, what occurred for the dog?
Experimental neurosis set in
HINT: Experimental neurosis is a disordered behavior that results from demanding or confusing tasks in a learning experiment, causing frustration and erratic responses.
In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger.
This is known as…?
Extinction – the salivation will dissapear
**HINT: **Extinction is the process where a conditioned response (CR) weakens and eventually disappears when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
John B. Watson’s name is associated with which name?
Little Albert
During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior.
The counselor is practicing what?
Extinction
HINT: This is in the context of Skinnerian (operant conditioning). Thus extinction in this case is a previously reinforced behavior decreases and stops occurring because it is no longer followed by the reinforcement (reward or punishment) that originally maintained it
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on __?__ while behavior therapy emphasizes __?__
HINT: Multiple answers
1) Instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
2) Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles
A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline.
This is accomplished by…?
Charting the occurence of the behavior prior to any theraputic interventions
HINT: Baseline = frequency of the behavior untreated
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by who?
Neal Miller
HINT: Miller study demonstrated that using rewards with rats could train them to alter their heart rate and intestinal contractions
Counselors today use this technique, known as biofeedback, to help clients control autonomic responses
The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was what?
A phobia could be a learned behavior
HINT: Watson’s Little Albert experiment demonstrated that a fear was not due to deep psychopathology within the unconscious mind but is actually from learning
John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to __?__
Cure
**HINT: **Mary Cover Jones demonstrated that learning could serve as a treatment [aka cure] for a phobic reaction (whereas Watson emphasized that phobic reaction was learned)
In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask.
This would demonstrate what?
Stimulus generalization
A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on what theorist and concept?
Frued’s topographic hypothesis (iceberg metaphor of conscious, preconscious, unconscious)
**HINT: **Depth psychology = looking for deeper meaning
When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, they really mean what?
A treatment model
HINT: Paradigm = model
A man says, “My life has been lousy for the past six months.” The counselor replies, “Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months?”
The counselor is using what?
Concreteness
**HINT: **Concreteness = specificity; counselor uses concreteness in attempt to eliminate vague language
A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using…?
A directive
**HINT: **Directive = a suggestion
A __?__ is an example of a biofeedback device.
Bathroom scale
HINT: In counseling, biofeedback devices are used primarily to teach clients to relax or to control autonomic nervous system functions
Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn’t do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny’s mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework.
This is an example of what?
Positive reinforcement
Genuineness, or congruence, is really what?
The counselor’s ability to be himself/herself
**HINT: **A counselor who is congruent is real and authentic
Empathy is…?
The ability to understand the client’s world an to communicate this to the client
When something is added following an operant, it is known as a __?__ and when something is taken away it is called a __?__
Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov, a light is paired with the bell (the conditioned stimulus - CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation.
This is called what?
Higher order conditioning
HINT: Higher order conditioning = when a new stimulus is associated/paired with the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the new stimulus takes on the power of the conditioned stimuls (CS)
A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. M
He would utilize what type of device?
Temperature trainer
A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes.
The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on what?
EMG feedback
HINT: EMG = electomyogram; used to measure muscle tension
According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do.
Thus, in this procedure, what would occur?
A lower probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability behavior
HINT: Any higher probability behavior can be used as a reinforcer for any lower probability behavior.
This principle is also known as the “grandma rule/law”,
ex: “if you eat your veggies, I will give you dessert”
A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize __?__ feedback
EEG feedback
**HINT: **EEG = electroencephalogram; used to monitor brain waves and production of alpha waves
A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as what?
Continous reinforcement
**HINT: **Continous reinforcement you continue to provide reinforcement each time the target behavior occurs
The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the __?__ based on the number of responses, and the __?__ based on the time elapsed.
Ratio; interval
The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the…?
Variable ratio
HINT:
Variable ratio = Reward after an unpredictable number of responses
The variable ratio schedule is the most difficult to extinguish because rewards are unpredictable, keeping people or animals motivated to keep trying.
Variable schedules (whether ratio or intervals) are MORE effective than fixed schedules (whether ratio or intervals)
Joseph Wope created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings.
When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for what?
Subjective Units of Disturbance (Distress) Scale
HINT: SUDS is used to help create the anxiety of hieararchy
Wolpe’s systematic desensitization is used as a popular treatment for phobias and situations which produce high anxiety
A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as what?
Secondary reinforcement
HINT: Secondary reinforcement = a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer
A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is a(n)…?
Back-up reinforcer
HINT: Back-up reinforcer = an item or activity which can be purchased using tokens, these reinforcers are often unconditioned
An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called what?
Aversive conditioning
HINT:
Techniques like this (i.e., antabuse drug for alcoholics who get nauseus using alcohol when on this drug) are also known as in vivo aversive conditioning, since they are not preformed in the imaginations
A counselor decides to treat a client’s phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe’s technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be imagining…?
Imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations
HINT:
The order of hierarchy is from least anxiety arousing to most anxiety provoking items, in the systematic desensitization.
A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive.
Assertiveness trainers refer to this as…?
Behavioral rehearsal
HINT: Behavioral rehearsal = act of practicing a behavior in a counseling session that can be beneficial in the client’s life.
Systematic desensitization consists of what orderly steps?
1) Relaxation training
2) construction of anxiety hierarchy
3) desensitization in imagination
4) in-vivo desensitization
__?__ is behavioral sex therapy
Senate focus
**HINT: **Senate focus = form of behavioral sex therapy developed by William Masters and Virginia Johnson; this approach relies on counterconditioning
A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called…?
Convert sensitization
**HINT: **Sensitization implies that one is made more sensitive to a stimulus, whereas convert means imagination
One distinction between flooding (also known as “deliberate exposure with response prevention” in recent literature) and implosive therapy is that…?
Implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination
HINT: Implosive therapy and imagination both start with the letter “I”
Implosive therapy is always conducted using imagination and relies on psychoanalytic symbolism
Flooding exposes someone directly to their fear all at once in real life to help reduce it.
Implosive therapy uses mental imagery of fears in a controlled setting to gradually lessen anxiety.
Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because…?
The effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression
A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give yes and no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that the counselor…?
Is utilizing too many close ended questions
A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor responds, “Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible!
How can you go on living?”
This is an example of…?
Sympathy
A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He thus keeps repeating the client’s statements verbatim when he responds.
This is known as…?
Parroting (which is not recommended)
Viktor Frankl is the father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotherapy means…?
Healing through meaning
Which set of philosophers are not existentialists?
Plato and Epictetus
Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes.
Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for…?
Being too vague regarding techniques and procedures
HINT: Existentialism is more focused on the philosophy of helping than specific intervention strategies, thus the approach rejects traditional diagnosis and assessment procedures
Existentialists focus primarily on…?
The client’s perception in the here and now
HINT: With this approach, the focus is primarily on the present, future, and what the person can ultimately become
Existential counselors as well as Rogerian person-centered counselors adhere to what Martin Buber called the I-Thou relationship
Bunker’s I-Thou relationship asserts what?
The relationship is horizontal
**HINT: **A horizontal relationship assumes equality between persons
Frankl is an existentialist. So are which other theorists?
Yalom and May
**HINT: **Rollo May introduced existential therapy in the U.S., Irvin Yalom is noted for his work in group therapy as an existentialist
Existentialists speak of three worlds, the Umwelt or the __?__ world, the Mitwelt or the __?__ world, and the Eigenwelt or the __?__ world.
Physical; relationship; identity
HINT:
Umwelt – The physical world or the environment.
Mitwelt – The social world or relationships with others.
Eigenwelt – The inner world or personal self-experience.
Frankl’s experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him that…?
You cannot control the enviroment, but you can control your response
HINT: Frankl was a prisoner in a German concentration camp at one point and felt that suffering would be transformed into achievement and creativity
Existential counselors emphasize the client’s…?
Free choice, decision, and will
Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client’s internal personal experience of events
They also speak of ontology, which is…?
The philosophy of being and exisiting
Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to __?__
Reality therapy
HINT: Glasser is the father of reality therapy
Reality therapy has incorporated what?
Control theory (later referred to as choice theory)
What statement regarding reality therapy is not true?
The client’s childhood is explored
A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor’s own words is using what?
Paraphrasing
Most experts would agree that __?__ is most threatening for clients as well as counselors.
Silence
When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on…?
Successful behaviors
HINT: Glasser believes that dwelling on past failures can reinforce a negative self-concept
Glasser’s position on mental illness is that…?
Diagnostic lables give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible
HINT: Reality therapy has little use for the formal diagnostic process. Glasser rejected the traditional medical model of disease
The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is like what?
Like that of a friend who asks what is wrong
HINT: The reality therapist literally makes friends with the client
Glasser’s theory was popularized in educational circles after he
wrote what literature?
Schools without failure
Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts that…?
The client and counselor be persistent and never give up
HINT: Even when the client wants to give up, the therapist does not
According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be something like…?
Jogging
HINT: A positive addiction must be a noncompetitive activity which can be performed alone for about one hour each day.
When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling sessions he or she is using…?
Summarizing
Glasser felt the responsible person will have a __?__ identity
Success
HINT: The individual who possesses the success identity feels worthy and significant to others – Clients are encouraged to assume responsibility for their own happiness
William Glasser, M.D., is to reality therapy as Albert Ellis, Ph.D., is to __?__
Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
HINT: Ellis is the father of REBT, which assumes client’s emotional disturbance is the result of irrational thoughts/ideas
In Albert Ellis’s rational-emotive behavior therapy, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as…?
HINT: Multiple answers
1) Self talk
2) Internal verbalizations
The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be…?
Epictetus
HINT: Epictetus was a stoic philosopher who suggested we feel the way we think
REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the __?__, B is the __?__, and C is the __?__
Activating event; belief system; emotional consequence
The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D __?__, leads to E __?__
Disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence
A counselor instructs her client to read “A Guide to Rational Living” by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper.
This is an example of…?
Bibliotherapy
HINT: Bibliotherapy = use of books or writings pertaining to self-improvement
Shoulds and oughts are __?__, according to Ellis
Musturbations
A client says, “I lost my job and it’s the most terrible thing in the world.” This client is engaging in…?
Awfulizing and terriblizing, also know as Catastrophizing
Bibliotherapy is a form of what?
Homework
Ellis feels that __?__ is at the core of emotional disturbance
Irrational thinking at point B
Therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to what?
Refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones
Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist’s new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process. Why?
Only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord)
Internal verbalizations are to REBT as __?__ are to Glasser’s choice theory
Pictures in your mind
Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr. is to __?__
Rational-behavior therapy (RBT)
HINT: Maultsby is the father of RBT; which emphasizes a written self analysis and works well for both multicultural counseling and group therapy
Aaron T. Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic psychiatrist who created the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a self-report questionnaire, also developed an approach known as cognitive therapy.
Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted what?
Dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad, though not neccesarily irrational
The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment is…?
Donald Meichenbaum
HINT:
Stress Inoculation Treatment helps people handle stress by teaching them coping skills and how to think positively before facing stressful situations.
Meichenbaum’s approach is called self-instructional training.
Stress inoculation treatment has three phases:
1) EDUCATIONAL PHASE = client taught to monitor impact of inner dialogue on behavior
2) REHEARSAL PHASE = clients taught to rehearse new self-talk
3) APPLICATION PHASE = new inner dialogue is attempted during actual stress-producing situations
Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books “Games People Play” and “What Do You say After You Say Hello?”.
TA therapist are most likely to incorporate __?__ in the treatment process
Gestalt therapy
Berne suggested three ego states: the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C). The Parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood.
TA therapists speak of two functions in the Parent ego state, which are…?
Nurturing parent and ciritical parent
HINT: Parent ego state has a strong similarity to Freud’s superego
NUTURING PARENT = sympathic, caring, protective
CRITICAL PARENT = master of the shoulds, oughts to, musts
What is true of the Adult ego state?
Adult ego processes facts and does not focus on feelings
HINT: The adult ego state is very similar to Freud’s ego – adult ego is also known neopsyche
The Child ego state is like the little kid within. The child may manifest itself as the…?
HINT: Multiple answers
1) Natural child
2) Adapted child
3) Little professor
HINT: The child ego state, which is also called the archaeopsyche, is very similar to Freud’s Id
NATURAL CHILD = what person is naturally; spontaneous, impulsive, untrained
ADAPTED CHILD = learns how to comply to avoid a parental slap on the hand
LITTLE PROFESSOR = acts on hunches without neccesary info; is creative and intuitive
TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy
communication transactions are…?
Occur where vectors of communication run parallel
HINT: This is also known as a complementary transaction, in which you get an appropriate, predicted response
TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris’s book “I’m OK—You’re OK”. The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognition.
What is true of a person categorized by the position “I’m OK-You’re Not OK”?
Blames others for misery
HINT: In this position, the person feels victimized and are often paranoid. Adult criminals and adolescent delinquents often take on this position
I’m OK, You’re OK = The healthiest mindset, where people see themselves and others as worthy and capable.
I’m OK, You’re Not OK = A person sees themselves as good but views others as flawed or inferior.
I’m Not OK, You’re OK = A person feels inferior or inadequate compared to others.
I’m Not OK, You’re Not OK = A negative outlook where both self and others are seen as bad or flawed.
A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The woman begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn’t know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is too difficult.
A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Stephen Karpman’s drama triangle would say the man…?
The man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role
HINT:
Karpman suggested three roles for the manipulative drama:
1) persecutor
2) rescuer
3) victim
A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client.
What technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action?
Contracting
A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy.
Which other statement is true of games?
In a first degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in the third degree game
HINT: The higher the number of the degree of a game, the greater the hurt
Games in transactional analysis are human interactions that are predictable and have hidden motives
Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called…?
Rackets
According to Eric Berne, a life script is actually a(n)…?
A life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life
**HINT: **Life script = person’s ongoing drama which dictates how a person will live their life
Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to __?__
Gestalt therapy
HINT:
Eric Berne = father of transactional analysis
Fritz Perls = father of gestalt therapy
Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of which theorists?
Carkhuff and Gazda
HINT:
Carkhuff = carkhuff scale which rates counselors from 1-5; the higher the score the better the counselor is said to be facilitating counselor growth
Gazda = suggested global scale for rating helper responses
The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of what?
Brandler and Grindler’s Neurolinguistic Programming
HINT: Two most popular techniques of NLP practitioners are reframing and anchoring
A gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client’s projection via…?
Playing the projection technique
HINT: Playing the projection technique is where the counselor asks the client to act like the person they dislike
A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage.
A gestalt therapist would most likely do what?
Urge the client to stay with that feeling
HINT: Gestalt therpay is concerns with the here and now – when a client tries to avoid a feeling, the counselor urges the client to feel it or “stay with the feeling”
Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles what?
Paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erikson
A client undergoing gestalt therapy who states “It is difficult to get a job in New York City” would be asked by the counselor to do what?
Change the verbalization to an “I” statement
HINT: Goal of gestlat therapy is to eliminate “it talk” and replace it with “I statements”
Gestalt therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here and now incorporates what?
Psychodrama
HINT: psychodrama incorporates role playing into the treatment process; Gestalt therapists emphasize experiements and exercises
According to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wite for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt, would be engaging in…?
Retroflection
**HINT: **Retroflection = act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else
What does the term Gestalt mean?
A form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole
Perls suggested __?__ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability
Five (5) layers of neurosis
**HINT: **
LAYERS =
1) Phony
2) 2) Phobic
3) Impasse
4) Implosive
5) Explosive
In gestalt therapy, unexpressed emotions are known as…?
Unfinished business
**HINT: **Unfinished business = unexpressed feelings of resentment, rage, guilt, anxiety, or other emotion interferes with present situations and causes difficulties
Gestalt therapy emphasizes what?
Awareness in the here and now and dream work
The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of…?
Top dog, underdog, and empthy chair technique
Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an effective treatment that…?
Often fails to emphasize cogntive concerns
**HINT: **Gestalt therapy emphasizes increasing psychological and bodility awareness
Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy (e.g., gestalt, behavioristic, reality therapy, etc.) was during the (time period)…?
Late 1960’s
The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most likely progress __?__ than the relationship a client would have with a Rogerian counselor
Slower
The school of counseling created by Carl R. Rogers, Ph.D., has undergone three name changes.
Initially it was called __?__, then __?__, and in 1974 it changed to __?__
Nondirective; client-centered; person-centered
Rogers’s approach is characterized as a(n) __?__ approach.
Existential or humanistic
What statement is true of the person-centered approach?
Reflection is used a lot, yet the counselor rarely gives advice
In the person-centered approach, an effective counselor must
possess what skills?
**HINT: **long response
Empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrates uncondiitonal positive regard to create a desirable “I-Thou” relationship
Rogers viewed man as…?
Positive when he develops in a warm, accpeting, trusting enviroment
In the contexts of counseling clients, a person-centered therapist would…?
Treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles
Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence occurs when the…?
External behavior matches an internal response or state
Rogers felt how many conditions are necessary for client change to occur?
Three conditions:
1) Congruence (genuineness)
2) Unconditional positive regard
3) Empathic understanding
Extra hint = Client change Conditions C.U.E
HINT: Congruence is the most important of the three
Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with what type of client?
A client who is not very verbal
Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that…?
HINT: Multiple answers
1) Some degree of directiveness is needed after the initial phase of counseling
2) More confrontation is neccesary, though Rogers did encourage caring confrontations
Counselors who work as consultants generally…?
Do not adhere to one single theory
Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting while consultation generally occurs in a __?__ setting.
Work/organizational
Attending behavior that is verbal is also called what?
Verbal tracking
**HINT: **Attending behaviors occurs when counselors give clients their complete attention
The counselor’s social power is related to what?
Expertise, attractiveness, trustworthiness (E.A.T)
HINT:
EXPERTISE = manner in which the client perceives the counselor
ATTRACTIVENESS = positive feelings and thoughts the client has about the counselor are helpful
TRUSTWORTHINESS = confidentiality is most important, violation of that will eliminate trustworthiness that a client has in a counselor
Key areas that often cause problems for the counselor’s self-image are…?
Competence, power, and intimacy**
HINT: These factors all impact the counselor’s social influence
A counselor who is genuine does not…?
HINT: Multiple answers
1) Role play someone they are not so as to be accepted by the client
2) Chnage their true values from sessions to session
Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy, which are…?
Basic, subtractive, and additive
HINT:
BASIC EMPATHY = counselors response on same level as client’s
SUBTRACTIVE EMPATHY = counselors behavior does not completely convey an understanding
ADDITIVE EMPATHY = most desirable, adds to client’s understanding and awareness
__?__ and __?__ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy.
Truax; Carkhuff
The human relations core for effective counseling includes what?
Empathy, positive regard (respect), and genuineness
