CACREP AREA: Counseling and Helping Relationships Flashcards
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory.
According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. __?__ and __?__, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.
Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
HINT: Adler = father of individual psychology, Jung = founder of analytic psychology
Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud’s structural theory that includes…?
Id, ego, and superego
In transactional analysis (TA), the ___?___
is the conscience, __?__ or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the __?__
Parent; superego
Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by…?
Identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex
Freudian’s refer to ego as the…?
Executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle
Freud’s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by…?
Thanatos
HINT: Thanatos = death/self-destruction, Eros = love/self-preservation
Think of Thanatos as the Marvel villian Thanos and Eros like arrows as in cupid’s arrows or Harry Styles superhero character in TThe Eternals
The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the…?
Pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst
If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the…?
Ego
**HINT: **Ego (reality principle) attempts to balance the Id (pleasure principle) and the superego (ego ideal)
A therapist who says to a patient “Say whatever comes to mind” is practicing what?
Free association
The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for __?__rather than __?__ like the id.
Perfection; pleasure
Which theorist is not associated with the analytic movement?
Joseph Wolpe
HINT: Wolpe developed systematic desensitization, which is a form of behavior therapy based on Pavlov’s classical conditioning. Systematic desensitization is used to help weaken a client’s response to a anxiety-provoking stimuli
Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled “The Interpretation of Dreams” was his most influential. Dreams have what (in the context of Freud)?
Manifest and latent content
HINT: Manifest content = surface meaning of a dream, Latent content = hidden meaning of a dream
When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called what?
Transference
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
Little Albert
**HINT: **Little Albert is associated with the behaviorists Watson who’s study conditioned albert to fear a white mouse
In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy does what?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
1) Utilizes fewer sessions per week
2) Does not utilize the couch
3) Is performed face to face
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as what?
Catharis and/or abreaction
HINT: Catharsis/abreaction is the emotional release of repressed feelings in counseling, leading to relief and insight.
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as __?__ is topographical theory
Unconscious, preconscious, conscious
HINT:
Topographical theory, proposed by Freud, divides the mind into three levels: the conscious (thoughts we’re aware of), the preconscious (easily accessible thoughts), and the unconscious (deep, hidden drives and desires).
The most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is…?
Oepidus complex
What concept is not one that serves as evidence for the unconscious mind?
Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)
HINT: SUDS is part of Wolpe’s systematic desensitization
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember.
This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the __?__ mind
Pre-conscious mind
HINT: Pre-conscious mind is able to bring thoughts, images, ideas, etc. into awareness
Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called…?
Ego defense mechanisms
Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms.
According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is what?
Repression
Suppression differs from repression in that…?
Repression is automatic or involuntary
An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying what ego defense mechanism?
Sublimination
HINT: Sublimation is when you channel negative or inappropriate urges into positive, productive activities
An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center’s chemical dependency program. This is the practice of…?
TRICK QUESTION — it is none of the ego defense mechanisms but rather an example of subliminal message which is difference from sublimination
A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a $1 per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of…?
Displacement
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of “F” in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as “straight A students are eggheads”. This demonstrates…?
Sour grapes rationalization
HINT: Sour grapes = individual underrates a reward/circumstance to protect ego
A master’s level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates…?
Sweet lemon rationalization
HINT: Sweet lemons = individual overrates a reward/circumstance to protect ego
A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident.
His behavior is influenced by…?
Denial
__?__ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.
Projection
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is an example of…?
Reaction formation
HINT: In reaction formation, the individual acts the opposite of how they actually feel
Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is…?
Compensation
Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, “I’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter.”
Jane is engaging in…?
Identification
A client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought patterns is a product of which ego defense mechanism?
Introjection
HINT: Introjection is when you unconsciously adopt the beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors of others, making them part of your own self
The client’s tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic
process is known as…?
Resistence
Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend what about Freud?
Many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to…?
Make the clients aware of their unconscious processes
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of which theorist and theory?
Alfred Adler’s individual psychology
HINT:
In Adler’s Individual Psychology, organ inferiority refers to the feelings of inadequacy or weakness a person has due to a physical limitation or perceived defect, which can motivate them to strive for superiority or compensation in other areas.
When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as what?
Insight
C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the __?__ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the __?__ principle.
Logos; eros
HINT: Logos = logic
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them…?
Mandalas
__?__ (theorist) emphasized the drive for superiority.
Adler
The statement “Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction”, describes which theorists theory?
Alfred Adler’s theory
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized what?
Social factors
HINT:
Neo-Freudians are psychologists who expanded on Freud’s theories, focusing more on social and cultural factors rather than just sexual drives.
Key Neo-Freudians include:
1) Carl Jung – Emphasized the collective unconscious and archetypes.
2) Alfred Adler – Focused on feelings of inferiority and the drive for superiority.
3) Karen Horney – Addressed the impact of culture and interpersonal relationships on personality.
4) Erik Erikson – Developed the theory of psychosocial development with eight stages of identity formation.
5) Harry Stack Sullivan – Highlighted the importance of interpersonal relationships and social interactions.
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with which theorist?
Jung
HINT:
Jung’s concepts of introversion and extraversion relate to his theory of personality types, which categorize individuals based on their preferred focus of attention—either inwardly toward their inner world (introversion) or outwardly toward external experiences and people (extraversion).
The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of which theorist?
Carl Jung
One of Adler’s students, Rudolph Dreikurs, did what?
He was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice
Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as what?
Social connectedness
Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to do what?
Exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class
C. J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as __?_ and women to deny their masculine side known as __?__
Anima; animis
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as…?
Archetypes
Relating to Jung, common archetypes include…?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
1) The persona - the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self
2) Animus, anima, and self
3) Shadow - the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired
A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor’s verbal response is known as…?
Confrontation
During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor is…?
Most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution
HINT: Symptom substitution is a psychoanalytic concept – behaviorists DO NOT strive for this.
This concept notes if you only deal with the symptom of the issue, another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind
What is true of an eclectic counselor?
They attempt to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and situtation
The word eclectic is most closely associated with which theorist?
Frederick C. Thorne
HINT: Frederick C. Thorne is known for his work in integrative and eclectic psychotherapy, advocating for the use of multiple therapeutic approaches to address the diverse needs of clients.
A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of…?
Counter-transference
Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by which theorist…?
Adler
HINT: Alderians believe our lifestyle is a predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on our psychological feelings about ouselves. Adler further stressed importance of birth order in the family constellation
A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely a(n)…?
Alderian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context, never in isolation
Existentialism is to logotherapy as
is __?__ to behaviorism.
Associationism
B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on which theorists and theory?
Edwar Thorndike’s Law of Effect
HINT: Law of effect = responses accompanied by satifaction (i.e., it pleases you) will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will most likely not happen again
Classical conditioning relates to the work of which theorist?
Ivan Pavlov
An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating (an unconditioned response known as a UR or UCR) when food is presented, is called a(n)…?
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as…?
Instrumental learning
HINT: Think of the word “instrument” as a tool used to achieve a result. In operant conditioning, behavior is like an “instrument” used to get a reward or avoid punishment
Respondent behavior refers to what?
Reflexes
**HINT: **To remember this, reflex begins with the letter “R” and so does the word respondent
Concerning behavior, what is true of all reinforcers?
All reinforcers tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur
Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and is…?
Not the same thing as punishment
What is true about punishment?
Punishment decreases the probability that a behavior will occur
In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the __?__
and the meat was the __?__
Conditioned stimulus (CS); Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the conditioned stimulus [CS] and the unconditioned stimulus [US] is…?
Is 0.5 (or half a second)
Many researchers have tried putting the unconditioned stimulus [USC] which is the meat, before the conditioned stimulus [CS] which is the bell. This usually results in…?
No conditioning
HINT: Putting a unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus is known as backward conditioning. Backwards conditioning is INEFFECTIVE and DOES NOT WORK
Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child’s toy horn using Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response.
What had happened?
Stimulus generalization, or what Pavlov noted as irradiation
**HINT: **Stimulus generalization (also known as second order conditioning) is when a response learned for one stimulus (the original conditioned stimuls) is triggered by a similar but different stimuli.
EX: Little Albert who was conditioned to fear white, fury rats, being afriad of a white bearded Santa Claus
The department chairman found the poodle’s response (see flashcards #72) to his automobile horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task.
The poodle was now demonstrating what?
Stimulus discrimination
**HINT: **Stimulus discrimination is the ability to distinguish and respond differently to distinct stimuli, only reacting to the specific one that was conditioned
The department chair was further amused by the poodle’s tendency to be able to discriminate one conditioned stimulus [CS] from another (see previous flashcards #73). He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student’s Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking.
In this case, what occurred for the dog?
Experimental neurosis set in
HINT: Experimental neurosis is a disordered behavior that results from demanding or confusing tasks in a learning experiment, causing frustration and erratic responses.
In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger.
This is known as…?
Extinction – the salivation will dissapear
**HINT: **Extinction is the process where a conditioned response (CR) weakens and eventually disappears when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
John B. Watson’s name is associated with which name?
Little Albert
During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior.
The counselor is practicing what?
Extinction
HINT: This is in the context of Skinnerian (operant conditioning). Thus extinction in this case is a previously reinforced behavior decreases and stops occurring because it is no longer followed by the reinforcement (reward or punishment) that originally maintained it
In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on __?__ while behavior therapy emphasizes __?__
HINT: Multiple answers
1) Instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
2) Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles
A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline.
This is accomplished by…?
Charting the occurence of the behavior prior to any theraputic interventions
HINT: Baseline = frequency of the behavior untreated
The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by who?
Neal Miller
HINT: Miller study demonstrated that using rewards with rats could train them to alter their heart rate and intestinal contractions
Counselors today use this technique, known as biofeedback, to help clients control autonomic responses
