CACREP AREA: Human Growth and Development Flashcards
Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are…?
Psychosocial
In Freud’s psychodynamic theory, instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologist…?
Believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior
HINT: Erikson stressed ego function. Ego is LOGICAL, RATIONAL, and UTILIZES POWER OF CONTROL to keep impulses in check
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was?
Erik Erikson
The statement “the ego is dependent of the id” would most likely reflect the work of?
Sigmund Freud (who created psychodynamic theory)
Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is?
1) Sensorimotor
2) Pre-Operations
3) Concrete Operations
4) Formal Operations
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research in as much as…?
His findings were often derived from observing his own children
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered…?
Conservation
In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to…?
Volume or mass
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as?
Concrete operations (ages 7-11 years old)
HINT: Conservation is part of the Concrete Operations Stage (ages 7-11) of Piaget’s theory. Both begin with the letter “C”
__?__ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development
Lawrence Kohlberg
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests…?
One can undo an action, hence an object (i.e., glass of water) can return to its initial shape.
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says “the rain is following me”. This is an example of?
Egocentrism
HINT: Egocentrism conveys that the child cannot view the world from the vantage point of someone else.
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested what about morality?
There are three levels of morality
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as…?
A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered
HEINZ DILEMMA STORY: Heinz Dilemma is about Heinz deciding whether to steal an expensive drug to save his dying wife. The pharmacist refuses to lower the price or accept delayed payment. Heinz’s choice highlights moral reasoning: should he obey the law or break it to save his wife?
HINT: Heinz dilemma is a method Kohlberg uses to assess level and stage of moral development in an individual – his stages/levels apply to ALL persons
The term identity crises comes from the work of?
Erikson
**HINT: **5th stage of Eriksons psychosocial theory = Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 12-18)
Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are?
1) Preconventional
2) Conventional
3) Postconventional
**HINT: **
1) PREconventional = child responds to consequences (reward/punishments influence)
2) CONventional = individual wants to meet standards of family, society, and nation
3) POSTconventional (self-accepted morality) = individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignitity, and equality of human rights. Kohlberg notes many people NEVER reach this stage
Trust vs mistrust is…?
Erikson’s first stage of of psychosocial development
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final and eighth stage, which is…?
Integrity vs despair
In Kohlberg’s first or preconvetional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by…?
Consequences
Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is chracterized by?
A desire to live up to society’s expectations and to conform
Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed postconvetional moraility. Here the individual…?
Has self-imposed morals and ethics
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles…?
Is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level
The zone of promixal development was…?
Pioneered by Lev Vygotsky
**HINT: **Zone of promixal development = describes difference between child’s performance without a teacher vs their capabilities with one.
Which is true: Freud and Erikson…?
Could be classified as maturationists
John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with?
Bonding and attachment
HINT: Bowlby and Bonding both start with the letter “B” – Bowlby believed bonding and attachment to have surving value and part of leading a normal life for a child
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crises occur?
Generativity versus stagnation
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is…?
Harry Harlow
The statement: “Males are better than females when preforming mathematical calculations” is…?
True according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is…?
Initimacy versus isolation (ages 23-34 years)
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?
A 13-year-old male middle school student
HINT: Conformity peaks in the early teens
In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkey’s…?
The baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother
Freud postulated the psychosexual stages as…?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Concerning suicide, in adolescence…?
Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often
Concerning suicide, in the general U.S. population…?
Suicide rates tend to increase with age
The fear of death is…?
Greatest during middle age
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor that…?
Primarily evolves during the oral stage
When comparing girls to boys, it would be noted that in general…?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
- Girls grow up to smile more
- Girls are using more feeling words by age 2
- Girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age
The Freudian developmental stage, which “least” emphasizes sexuality is…?
Latency
Latent = hidden meaning of a dream
**HINT: **Latency is the only Freudian developmental stage not primarily psychosexual in nature (occurs in ages 6-12)
In terms of parenting young children, what is true?
Boys are punished more than girls
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture, they really mean…?
How much heredity or enviroment interact to influence development
Nature = heredity/genetics | Nuture = enviroment
Stage theorists assume what?
Qualitative changes between stages occur
Concerning the start/process, development…?
It is a continous process which begins at conception
Development is cephalocaudal, which mean…?
Head to foot
Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and assumes…?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
1) The normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes
2) Heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes
3) Genes composed of DNA hold a enetic code
Piaget’s final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage, what occurs?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
1) Abstract thinking emerges
2) Problems can be solved using deductions
Kolhberg lists ___?___ stages of moral development which fall into ___?___ levels
Six (6) stages ; three (3) levels
**HINT: **
1) PRECONVENTIONAL LEVEL= Stage 1: punishment/obedience, Stage 2: naive hedonism
2) CONVENTIONAL LEVEL = Stage 3: good boy/girl orientation, Stage 4: authority, law, & order orientation
3) POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL = Stage 5: democratically accepted law or social contract, Stage 6: principles of self-conscience and univeral ethics
A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles is/has…?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
1) Reached the highest stage of moral development
2) Is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles
What is true of Freud’s Oedipus complex or (or Oedipus stage)?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
It’s the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur
In girls, the Oedipus complex may be referred to as…?
Electra complex
HINT: Opedipus = boys, Electra = girls
The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stage is…?
1) Oral
2) Anal
3) Phallic
4) Latency
5) Genital
Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing…?
An apparatus known as a visual cliff
HINT: Depth perception is inherent/innate – by 6 months of age depth perception is intact (babies wont cross gap of visual cliff)
Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as…?
Empiricists
An empiricist view of development would be what?
Behavioristic
**HINT: **Behavioristic empiricists value statistical studies and emphasize role of enviroment
In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers…?
Ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers
**HINT: **Harlow discovered contact was MORE important than milk for monkeys
A theorists view developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?
Organicism
Organicism = views universe and its parts as an organic whole
In Piaget’s developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the…?
Sensorimotor stage
A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered…?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
- Object permanence
- Represenational thought
The scheme (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occur in the…?
Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
John Bowlby has asserted that…?
Conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood
The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life…?
Appeared to be autistic
According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may ___?___ a given psychosexual stage
Become fixated at
An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that…?
Watching violence tends to make children more aggressive
A counselor who utilizes the term “instinctual”, technically means what?
Behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species
**HINT: **Instincts are NOT learned behaviors, they are innate
The word “ethology”, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to…?
The study of animals’ behavior in their natural enviroment
A child who focuses exclusively on a clown’s red nose but ignores the clown’s other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of…?
Centration
Concerning school, Piaget felt…?
That teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation
What is true of Piaget’s preoperational stage?
Includes the aquisition of a symbolic schema
HINT: Symbolic shceme examples include a child in this stage (2-7 years) presenting a milk carton is a rocket ship, or a cardboard box is a car
Concerning development stages, Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agree that…?
Each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage
The tendency for adult females in the United States to wear high heels is best explained by…?
Sex-role socialization
The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of…?
Bowlby
A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that…?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
1) In general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys
2) In general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls
Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is…?
Sibling rivalry
A preschool child’s concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. The concept is best related to…?
Piaget’s preoperational period (ages 2-7 years)
What is true of elementary school counseling and guidance services?
Are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960’s.
Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that…?
These counselors are effective, do make a difference in children’s lives, and more counselors should be employed
According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson…?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
1) 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises
2) An “age 30 crisis” occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes
Erikson’s middle-age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to what?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
1) The ability to do creative work or raise a family
2) The opposite of stagnation
3) The productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time
A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels…?
Ego-integrity to Erikson’s integrity versus despair stage
Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as ___?___ is to Erikson.
Trust versus mistrust
Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?
Harry Harlow
When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client does what?
Suffers from fixation
Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the…?
Superego
Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?
Konrad Lorenz
The statement “bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not”, is closely associated with…?
Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level
What is true of a critical period?
**HINT: **Multiple answers
1) Makes imprinting possible
2) Signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won’t be learned at all
Imprinting (rapid learning during a critical period of development) is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by who?
Konrad Lorenz
What is true of marital satisfaction?
Often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home
Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his “hierarchy of needs”, which postulates what?
Lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization
To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow did what?
Interviewed the best people he could find who escaped “the psychology of the average”
Piaget is a __?__ist…?
Structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative
___?___ factors cause down syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21.
Genetic (conditions passed through genes)
Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodations, which is a modification of the child’s cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called what?
Equilibration
There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on the development. Counselors who are maturationists…?
Allow clients to work through early conflicts
Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as what?
Fixated-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli
Robert Kegan speaks of a “holding environment” in counseling in which…?
The client can make meaning in the face of crisis and can find new direction
Concerning developmental theories, most experts in the field of counseling agree that…?
No one theory completely explains developmental processess; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories
Equilbration is…?
The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)
A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on what?
Maslow’s lower-order needs, such as physiological and saftey needs
The anal retentive personality is…?
Stingy
From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be …?
Considered an oral character
