CACREP AREA: Research and Program Evaluation

Question 1

The most valuable type of research is…?

Answer 1

the experiment — used to discover cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 2

Experiments emphasize parsimony, which means interpreting the results…?

Answer 2

Interpreting the results in the simplest way

HINT:

In research, parsimony is strived for as it is the easiest and less complex expklanation

Parsimony: In research, it means using the simplest explanation that fits the data without adding extra assumptions.

Question 3

Occam’s Razor suggests that experimenters interpret the results…?

Answer 3

interpret the results in the simplest manner

HINT: Parsimony is also referred to as Occam’s Razor, which is a principle of economics.

Question 4

A counselor educator is running an experiment to test a new form of counseling. Unbeknownst to the experimenter one of the clients in the study is secretly seeing a gestalt therapist.

This experiment is…?

Answer 4

is confounded/flawed

Question 5

Nondirective is to person-centered as ___?___ is to ___?___

Answer 5

parsimony is to Occam’s Razor.

Question 5

An experiment is said to be confounded when…?

Answer 5

Undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiement

NOTE: CPCE may refer to this as “contaminating variable”

HINT:

Cofounding = Happens when an uncontrolled, unwanted variable affects the experiment’s results; the researcher is not in control of this

Question 6

In experimental terminology IV stands for ___?___ and DV stands for ___?___

Answer 6

independent variable; dependent variable

HINT:

IV = variable the researcher manipulates, controls, alters, etc. in the experiment

DV = expresses the outcome, or the data

Question 7

A professor of counselor education hypothesized that biofeedback training could reduce anxiety and improve the average score on written board exams.

If this professor decides to conduct a formal experiment the IV will be the ___?___ and the DV will be the ___?___

Answer 7

biofeedback; board exam score

Question 8

Experimenters should always abide by a code of ethics. The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the

Answer 8

IV or independent variable.

Question 9

In order for the professor of counselor education (see question
708) to conduct an experiment regarding his hypothesis he will need a(n) ___?___ and a(n) ___?___

Answer 9

control group; experimental group

Question 9

Footnote

In order for the professor of counselor education to conduct the experiment suggested in question 708 the experimental group would need to receive what?

HINT: Multiple answers

Answer 9

1) the manipulated IV
2) the biofeedback training

Question 10

Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of which theorist?

Answer 10

R. A. Fisher.

HINT:

Null hypothesis = the idea that nothing is happening or changing. It’s what you assume to be true until you have evidence to show otherwise.

In other words, THE IV DOES NOT AFFECT THE DV

Question 11

The null hypothesis suggests that there will not be a significant difference between the experimental group which received the
IV and the control group which did not.

Thus, if the experiment in question 708 was conducted, the null hypothesis would suggest that…?

Answer 11

biofeedback will not improve the board exam scores.

Question 12

The hunch is known as the experimental or alternative hypothesis.
The experimental hypothesis suggests that a difference will be evident between the control group and the experimental group (i.e., the group receiving the IV).

Thus, if the experiment in question 708 were conducted, the experimental hypothesis would suggest that…?

Answer 12

the biofeedback would raise board scores

Question 13

From a purely statistical standpoint, in order to compare a control group (which does not receive the IV or experimental manipulation) to the experimental group the researcher will need do a…?

Answer 13

A test of significance.

HINT: Statistical tests (like test of significance) are used to determine whether a difference in the groups’ score is significant or just due to chance factors

Question 14

When you see the letter P in relation to a test of significance it means…?

Answer 14

Probability

HINT:

In research, the probability (P) is usually set at .05 or lower (ex: .01 or .001)

Question 15

In the social sciences the accepted probability level is usually

Answer 15

.05 or less.

HINT:

The two most popular levels of significance are:
1) .05
2) .01

Question 15

P = .05 really means that…?

Answer 15

there is only a 5% chance that the difference between the control group and the experimental groups is due to chance factors.

Question 16

P = 05 really means that…?

Answer 16

differences truly exist; the experimenter will obtain the same results 95 times out of 100.

Question 16

The study that would best rule out chance factors would have a significance level of P = …?

Answer 16

.001

HINT:

The smaller the value for P (probability) = the more strict/precise the level of significance

Here, .001 level is the most strict/precise level that indicates there is only one chance in 1000 that the results are due to chance

Question 17

Type I and Type II errors are called ___?___ and ___?___ respectively.

Answer 17

alpha; beta

HINT:

Type I error (alpha error) = occurs when researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is true

Type II error (beta error) = occurs when researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it is false

Question 17

A Type I error occurs when you…?

Answer 17

you reject null when it is true

Question 18

Footnote

What is true of a Type II error

HINT: Multiple answers

Answer 18

1) it is also called a beta error

2) it means you accept null when it is false.

Question 19

Assume the experiment in question 708 is conducted. The results indicate that the biofeedback helped raise written board exam scores but in reality this is not the case.

The researcher has made which type of error?

Answer 19

Type I error

Question 20

A counselor educator decides to increase the sample size in her experiment.

This will do what?

Answer 20

reduce Type I and Type II errors.

HINT:

Raising the size of the sample helps lower the risk of chance/error factors

Question 21

If a researcher changes the significance level from .05 to .001, what will occur?

Answer 21

alpha errors decrease; however, beta errors increase.

Question 22

A counselor believes that clients who receive assertiveness training will ask more questions in counseling classes. An experimental group receives assertiveness training while control group does not.

In order to test for significant differences between the groups the counselor should utilize what?

Answer 22

the student’s t test.

HINT:

A t-est is used to compare two sample groups; this is a simple form of the analysis variance (ANOVA)

Question 23

The researcher in question 727 now attempts a more complex experiment. One group receives no assertiveness training, a second group receives four assertiveness training sessions, and a third receives six sessions.

The statistic of choice would be the…?

Answer 23

ANOVA

HINT:

An ANOVA (aka one-way analysis of variance) is used when there is more than one level of a single IV (independent variable)

Question 24

If the researcher in the previous question (question 728) utilized two IVs then the statistic of choice would be the…?

Answer 24

two-way ANOVA or MANOVA.

HINT:

Two IV’s (independent variables) requires a two way ANOVA

Question 25

To complete a t test you would consult a tabled value of t.

In order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you would consult…?

Answer 25

A table for F values.

Question 26

Which level of significance would best rule out chance factors?

Answer 26

.001

Question 27

When a researcher uses correlation, then there is no direct manipulation of the IV. A researcher might ask, for example, how IQ correlates with the incidence of panic disorder. Again, nothing is manipulated; just measured.

In cases such as this, a correlation coefficient will reveal what?

Answer 27

The relationship between IQ and panic disorder

HINT:

Correlation Coefficient = A number that shows how strongly two variables are related, ranging from -1 to 1. Often expressed a “r”

1) Positive Correlation Coefficient: Indicates that as one variable increases, the other also increases.
* EX: More study hours are linked to higher test scores.

2) Negative Correlation Coefficient: Indicates that as one variable increases, the other decreases.
* EX: More hours of TV watching are linked to lower test scores.

Question 28

If data indicate that students who study a lot get very high scores on state counselor licensing exams, then the correlation between study time and LPC exam scores would be…?

Answer 28

positive

Question 29

Which of the following would most likely yield a perfect correlation of 1.00?

Answer 29

Length in inches and length in centimeters.

Question 30

A good guess would be that if you would correlate the length of
CACREP graduates’ baby toes with their CPCE scores the result would be…?

Answer 30

close to 0.00 (there’s an absence of association as these have no relation)

Question 31

Dr. X discovered that the correlation between therapists who hold NCC status and therapists who practice systematic desensitization is .90.

A student who perused (read/examined) Dr. X’s research told his fellow students that Dr. X had discovered that attaining NCC status causes therapists to become behaviorally oriented.

The student is incorrect because…?

Answer 31

correlation does NOT imply causal.

Question 32

Behaviorists often utilize N = 1, which is called intensive experimental design.

The first step in this approach would be to do what?

Answer 32

take a baseline measure

HINT:

N = number of people being studied or the sample size

Baseline measure = the initial data collected to assess the starting point of a condition or behavior before any changes or interventions are made.

Question 32

In a new study the clients do not know whether they are receiving an experimental treatment for depression or whether they are simply part of the control group.

This is, nevertheless, known to the researcher. Thus, this is an example of…?

Answer 32

single-blind study

HINT:

Single blind study = the subject would not know whether they are a member of the control gorup or the experiemental group, but the researcher does

This helps eliminate Demand Characteristics:
* Clues/signals in an experiment that cause participants to guess the purpose of the study, leading them to change their behavior to fit what they think is expected.

Question 33

A large study at a major university gave an experimental group of clients a new type of therapy that was intended to ameliorate test anxiety. The control group did not receive the new therapy.

Neither the clients nor the researchers knew which students received the new treatment. This is an example of…?

Answer 33

double-blind study

HINT:

Double blind study = BOTH the subject and researcher would not know whether they are a member of the control group or the experiemental group

This helps eliminate confounding variables caused by experimental effect:
* experimental effects can flaw an experiment as the researcher might unconsciously communicate their intent/expectations to the subjects

Question 34

Experimental is to cause and effect as correlational is to…?

Answer 34

degree of relationship

Question 34

In a normal curve the mean, the median, and the mode all fall precisely in the middle of the curve.

From a graphical standpoint the so-called normal or Gaussian curve (named after the astronomer/mathematician K. F. Gauss) looks like what?

Answer 34

A symmetrical bell

Question 35

The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, the median, and the mode.

The mode is…?

Answer 35

the most frequently occurring score and the least-important measure of central tendency

HINT:

Modal score = hgihest point on the curve

Question 35

A bimodal distribution has two modes (i.e,, most frequently occurring scores).

Graphically, this looks roughly like what?

Answer 35

a camel’s back with two humps

Question 36

In a basic curve or so-called frequency polygon, the point of maximum concentration is the…?

Answer 36

mode

Question 37

The most useful measure of central tendency is the

Answer 37

mean, often abbreviated by an X with a bar over it

HINT:

Central tendency = mean (average)

Question 38

In a career counseling session an electrical engineer mentions three jobs he has held. The first paid $10 per hour, the second paid $30 per hour, and the third paid a higher rate of $50 per hour. The counselor responds that the client is averaging $30 per hour.

The counselor is using…?

Answer 38

the mean

Question 38

Footnote

From a mathematical standpoint, the mean is merely the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores.

The mean is misleading when what occurs?

HINT: Multiple answers

Answer 38

1) the distribution is skewed

2) there are extreme scores

Question 39

When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally, statisticians call it what?

Answer 39

A skewed distribution

HINT:

In a skewed distirbution, left and right side of the curve aren’t mirror images

The mean, mode, and median fall at different points in a skewed distribution but fall at the same point in a normal curve

Question 40

The median is…?

Answer 40

The middle score when the data are arranged from highest to lowest.

HINT:

To find the median in an even set of numbers, follow these steps:

1) Order the Numbers: Arrange the numbers in ascending order.

2) Identify the Middle Two Numbers: Since the set is even, there will be two middle numbers.

3) Calculate the Median: Find the average of these two middle numbers by adding them together and dividing by 2.

Example:
For the set {3, 5, 7, 9}, the middle two numbers are 5 and 7. The median = (5 + 7) / 2 = 6.

Question 41

In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV.

She will use a ___?___ design

Answer 41

Factorial

HINT:

Factorial Experiment: A type of experiment where researchers study the effects of two or more independent variables (factors) at the same time, testing every possible combination of these variables.

• This approach helps identify both the individual effects of each factor and any interaction effects between them.

Question 42

Regardless of the shape, the ___?___ will always be the high point when a distribution is displayed graphically.

Answer 42

Mode

HINT: Mode is the highest because its the point where the most frequently occuring score falls

Question 43

A group of first-semester graduate students in counseling took an experimental counseling exam that was much more difficult than the NCE. All of the students scored very low.

A distribution of their scores would…?

Answer 43

Be positively skewed.

HINT:

Positive Skew: When the tail of a distribution is longer on the right side, indicating that most data points are clustered on the left.

THE TALE INDICATES WHETHER THE DISTRIBUTION IS POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY SKEWED

Question 44

Nine of the world’s finest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. Needless to say, all of them scored extremely high.

The distribution of scores would most likely be…?

Answer 44

negatively skewed.

HINT:

Negative skew = When the tail of a distribution is longer on the left side, indicating that most data points are clustered on the right

THE TALE INDICATES WHETHER THE DISTRIBUTION IS POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY SKEWED

Question 44

Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billys rav score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered.

A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically.

Billy’s raw score indicates that…?

Answer 44

more information is obviously necessary

Question 44

A distribution with class intervals can be graphically displayed via a bar graph, which is also called a…?

Answer 44

Histogram

Question 45

When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution it is known as…?

Answer 45

The X axis

HINT:

X axis (aka abscissa) = horizontal axis which is used as a scale for the independent variable

Question 46

The x axis is used to plot the IV scores.

The x axis could also be called the ___?___ on your exam

Answer 46

abscissa

Question 47

The y axis is used to plot the frequency of the DVs.

The y axis could also be called the…?

Answer 47

ordinate

HINT:

Y axis (aka ordinate) = vertical axis which is used as a scale for the dependent variable

Question 48

If a distribution is bimodal, then there is a good chance that the…?

Answer 48

the researcher is working with two distinct populations.

Question 49

If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment is…?

Answer 49

said to be reliable.

Question 50

The range is a measure of variance and usually is calculated by determining the difference between the highest and the lowest score.

Thus, on a test where the top score was a 93 and the lowest score was a 33 out of 100, the range would be…?

Answer 50

61

HINT:

Range is the simplest way to measure the spread of scores

To find the range: subtract the lowest score from the hgiest (i.e., 93 - 33 = 60)

Question 51

A sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to…?

Answer 51

A correlation coefficient

HINT: A scattergram (aka scatterplot) is a pictorial diagram or graph of two variables being correlated

Question 52

A counselor educator is teaching two separate classes in individual inventory. In the morning class the counselor educator has 53 students and in the afternoon class she has 177 students.

A statistician would expect that the range of scores on a test would be…?

Answer 52

greater in the afternoon class than the morning class.

HINT: The range generally increases with sample size

Question 52

The variance is a measure of dispersion of scores around some measure of central tendency. The variance is the standard deviation squared. A popular IQ test has a standard deviation (SD) of 15.

A counselor would expect that if the mean IQ score is 100, then…?

Answer 52

68% of the people who take the test will score between 85 and 115.

Question 52

Using the data in question 764, one could say that a person with an IQ score of 122 would fall within…?

Answer 52

+ or - 2 SD of the mean

HINT: the greater the SD, the greater the spread

Question 53

The standard deviation (SD) is the square root of the variance. A z-score of +1 would be the same as…?

Answer 53

1 SD above the mean

HINT:

Z scores = same as standard deviations and often called standard scores

Z score of +/- 1 SD would include about 34% of the cases in a normal population

Question 53

Z-scores (also called standard scores) are the same as standard deviations, thus a z-score of -2.5 means what?

Answer 53

2.5 SD below the mean.

Question 54

A t-score is different from a z-score. A z-score is the same as the SD. A t-score, however, has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a SD above or below the mean.

Thus a t-score of 60 would equal +1 SD while a t-score of 40 would be…?

Answer 54

-1 SD.

HINT:

A t-score using a mean of 50 with each SD as 10. Thus, a z score of -1.0 wiuld be a t-score of 40

Question 54

An IQ score on an IQ test which was 3 SD above the mean would be…?

Answer 54

Very superior

HINT:

99% of population will score between +/- 3 SD of the mean; therefore less than 1% of population would score at a level 3 SD above the mean

Question 55

A platykurtic distribution would look approximately like…?

Answer 55

the upper half of a hot dog, lying on its side over the abscissa.

HINT:

Playtykurtic = a distribution curve that is flatter and more spread out than a normal curve, with fewer outliers and a lower peak

Leptokurtic = a distribution that is a very tall peak more than a normal distribution, with more outliers.

Question 56

Test scores on an exam that fell below 3 SD of the mean or above 3 SD of the mean could be described as…?

Answer 56

Extreme

Question 56

In World War Il the Air Force used stanine scores as a measurement. Stanine scores divide the distribution into nine equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and 9 as the highest ninth. In this system 5 is the mean.

Thus a Binet IQ score of 101 would fall in stanine (standard) of…?

Answer 56

5

Question 57

There are four basic measurement scales: the nominal, the ordinal, the interval, and the ratio. The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale. It is the simplest type of scale. It is used to distinguish logically separated groups.

Which of the following illustrates the function of the nominal scale?

Answer 57

A DSM or ICD diagnostic category.

Question 58

The ordinal scale rank orders variables, though the relative distance between the elements is not always equal.

An example of this would be…?

Answer 58

a horse categorized as a second-place winner in a race.

HINT:

Ordinal Scale = Ranks items in order but doesn’t show how much better one is compared to another.
* EX: Ranking your favorite movies from 1st to 5th.

Nominal Scale = Categorizes items without any order or ranking.
* EX: Sorting movies into genres like action, comedy, or drama.

Question 59

The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. Most tests used in school fall into this category. You can add and subtract using interval scales but cannot multiply or divide.

An example of this would be that…?

Answer 59

An IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70.

HINT: IQ tests provide interval measurement

Question 59

A ratio scale is an interval scale with a true zero point. Ratio measurements are possible using this scale. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division all can be utilized on a ratio scale.

In terms of counseling research, what is true regarding ratio scales?

Answer 59

most psychological attributes cannot be measured on a ratio scale.

HINT:

Ratio scale = highest level of measurement

EX: time, height, weight, temperature, volume, and distance meer the requirements of this scale

Question 60

Researchers often utilize naturalistic observation when doing ethological investigations or studying children’s behavior.

In this approach, the researcher…?

Answer 60

the researcher does not manipulate or control variables.

HINT: In naturalistic observations, the researcher does NOT intervene

Question 61

The simplest form of descriptive research is the ___?___ which requires a questionnaire return or completion rate of ___?___ to be accurate

Answer 61

survey; 50-75%

Question 62

A researcher gives a depressed patient a sugar pill and the individual’s depression begins to lift.

This is known as what?

Answer 62

the placebo effect.

Question 63

A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study, are improving.
Her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them has been curative.

The best explanation of their improvement would be…?

Answer 63

Hawthorne effect

Question 63

An elementary school counselor tells the third-grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. In reality, no such test was administered. Moreover, the children were unaware of the experiment. By the end of the year, all of the children who were supposed to excel did excel!

This would best be explained via…?

Answer 63

the Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect.

HINT:

The Rosenthal effect (or experimenter expectancy effect) = when a researcher’s expectations or beliefs about a participant influence how they interact with them, which can affect the participant’s performance.

• For example, if a researcher expects a participant to do well, they might unintentionally give them more support, leading the participant to perform better.

Question 64

A panel of investigators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study had unconsciously rated attractive females as better counselors.

This is an example of…?

Answer 64

the Halo effect.

HINT:

Halo effect occurs when a trait, which is not being evaluated (such as activeness or how well the person is liked) influences a researchers rating on another trait (such as their counseling skill)

IN OTHER WORDS… Halo Effect is when a person’s overall impression of someone (or something) influences their judgments about specific traits or behaviors.
* For example, if you think someone is nice, you might also assume they are smart, even if you have no evidence for it.

Question 64

All of the following describe the analysis of covariance technique except…?

Answer 64

It is a correlation coefficient.

Question 65

Three years ago an inpatient addiction treatment center in a hospital asked their clients if they would like to undergo an archaic form of therapy created by Wilhelm Reich known as
“vegotherapy.”

Approximately half of the clients stated they would like try the treatment while the other 50% stated that they would stick with the tried-and-true program of the center.

Outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of seven weeks. Today-three years later—a statistician compared the two groups based on their drinking behavior at the end of the seven weeks using a t test.

This study could best be described as an example of…?

Answer 65

causal comparative research.

HINT: In this case, the groups were not randomly assigned and the current researcher did not truly control the IV in the study (since it took place three years ago)

Question 66

The WAIS-IV IQ test is given to 100 adults picked randomly.

How many of the adults most likely would receive an IQ score between 85 and 115?

Answer 66

68

HINT:

In a normal distirbution, approximately 68% of the population will fsll between +/- 1 SD of the mean

simple breakdown of normal distribution scores and their percentages:

1) 68% of scores fall within +/- 1 standard deviation from the mean (both above and below).

2) 95% of scores fall within +/-2 standard deviations from the mean.

3) 99.7% of scores fall within +/-3 standard deviations from the mean.

This is often referred to as the 68-95-99.7 Rule or Empirical Rule.

Question 67

A researcher creates a new motoric test in which clients throw a baseball at a target 40 feet away. Each client is given 100 throws, and the mean on the test is 50. (In other words, out of 100 throws the mean number of times the client will hit the target is 50 times.)

Sam took the test and hit the target just two times out of the 100 throws allowed. Jeff, on the other hand, hit the target an amazing 92 times out of 100 trials.

Using the concept of statistical regression toward the mean the research would predict what?

Answer 67

That Sam’s score will increase while Jeffs will go down.

HINT:

Statistical regression = predicts that very high and very low scores will move toward the mean if a test is administered again

Question 68

Standardized tests always have what?

Answer 68

A formal procedures for test administration and scoring

Question 68

There are two distinct types of developmental studies. In a cross-sectional study, clients are assessed at one point in time.

In a longitudinal study, however, the…?

Answer 68

the same people are studied over a period of time.

Question 69

counselor educator, Dr. Y, is doing research on his classes. He hypothesizes that if he reinforces students in his morning class by smiling each time a student asks a relevant question, then more students will ask questions and exam grades will go up.

Betty and Linda accidentally overhear Dr. Y discussing the experiment with the department chair. Betty is a real people pleaser and decides that she will ask lots of questions and try to help Dr. Y confirm his hypothesis. Linda, nevertheless, is angry that she is being experimented on and promises Betty that Dr. Y could smile until the cows came in but she still wouldn’t ask a question.

Both Linda and Betty exemplify what?

Answer 69

Demand characteristics of an experiment

Question 69

If an ANOVA yields a significant F value, you could rely on ___?___ to test significant differences between group means.

Answer 69

Duncan’s multiple-range, Tukey’s, or Scheffe’s test

Question 70

Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as…?

Answer 70

counterbalancing.

HINT:

Counterbalancing = used to control for the fact that the order of an experiement can impact upon its outcome, thus order change is made

Question 71

A doctoral student who begins working on his bibliography for his thesis would most likely utilize what resource?

Answer 71

ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center), for primary and secondary resources

HINT: ERIC is a resource bank for scholary literature/resources to help one complete their literture review before writing ther research paper

Question 72

In a random sample each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. Selection is by chance. In a new study, however, it will be important to include 20% African Americans.

What type of sampling procedure will be necessary?

Answer 72

Stratified sampling would be best.

Question 73

A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample.

You could safely say that…?

Answer 73

she could accomplish this using systematic sampling.

Question 74

What is true regarding an operational definition?

Answer 74

It outlines a procedure.

HINT:

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS TO KNOW:

1) Sampling Error: The difference between the results from a sample and the actual results from the entire population. It’s the error that occurs because you’re only looking at a part of the whole.

2) Population Parameter: A value that describes a characteristic of the entire population, such as the average or proportion.

Question 75

Footnote

In a parametric test the assumption is that the scores are normally distributed. In nonparametric testing the curve is not a normal distribution.

Which of these tests are nonparametric statistical measures?

HINT: Multiple answers

Answer 75

All of the above are nonparametic tests:
1) Mann-Whitney U test (or just the U test)

2) Wilcoxon signed-rank test for matched pairs

3) Soloman and the Kruskal-Wallis H test

HINT:

NOTE: CPCE may refer to nonparametic statistical tests/measures as “distirbution-free tests”

Question 76

A researcher studies a single session of counseling in which a counselor treats a client’s phobia using a paradoxical strategy.

He then writes in his research report that paradox is the treatment of choice for phobics.

This is an example of…?

Answer 76

inductive logic or reasoning.

HINT:

This is an example of inductive reasoning since the research goes from the specific to a generalization

Inductive Reasoning: Starts with specific observations and makes a general conclusion.

Question 77

A client goes to a string of 14 chemical dependency centers that operate on the 12-step model.

When his current therapist suggests a new inpatient program the client responds with, “What for, I already know the 12 steps?” This client is using…?

Answer 77

Deductive logic

HINT:

This is an example of deductive logic because the client assumes that the general (that being his experience in 14 treatment facilities) can be reduced to the specific (that being the new treatment program)

Deductive Reasoning = Starts with a general idea and uses it to reach/reduce to a specific conclusion.

Question 78

Mike takes a math achievement test. In order to predict his score if he takes the test again the counselor must know the…?

Answer 78

the standard error of measurement (SEM).

HINT: SEM tells the counselor what would most likely occur if the same person took the same test again

Question 79

A researcher performs a study that has excellent external or so-called population validity, meaning that the results have generalizability.

To collect his data the researcher gave clients a rating scale in which they were to respond with strongly agree, somewhat agree, neutral, somewhat disagree, or strongly disagree.

This is an example of…?

Answer 79

A Likert Scale