C9 PARASITE Flashcards
what is parasitology
study of parasites
what is parasites
organisms that live on/in other living organism
parasitism
-relay that benefit to one party only
-cause harm to another
mutualism/symbiosis
depend on each other equally
obligate parasites
completely dependent on the host
facultative parasite
can be parasitic, but doesn’t have to live as parasites
ectoparasites
live on the surface of the host
example of ectoparasites
mites and bugs
endoparasites
live inside the body of the host
example of endoparasites
parasitic protozoa and helminths
commensalism
organism derive food from another organism without hurting or helping it
host
organism which harbours the parasite and provide the nourishment and shelter
definitive host
harbour the sexually mature or adult parasite
intermediate host
harbour the larval or asexual form of the parasites
paratenic host
act as a transporting agent for the parasite and parasite doesn’t undergo any development
compromised host
host in whose normal defence mechanism has impaired
pathogen
parasites able to produce disease
infestation
present of arthropods on the skin of the host
pathogenicity
ability of parasite to produce disease
zoonosis
transmissible disease between man and animal
virulence
the degree of pathogenicity
vector
agent that transmit infection from one human host to another
types of parasites
- protozoa (unicellular)
- helminths (multicellular)
type of protozoa that is infectious to human
- amoeba
- flagellates
- sporozoa
- ciliata
group of helminths (worm)
- cestodes
- trematodes
- nematodes
microparasite
- small
- unicellular and multiply within its vertebrate host
- often inside cell
macroparasite
- large
- multicellular and has no direct reproduction
is that all protozoa parasitic
no
how protozoa become parasite
when it accidentally gain entrance to the body
how the transmission of parasitic protozoa (in human intestine)
by fecal-oral route
how protozoa transmitted in human blood or tissue
by an arthropod vector like mosquito’s bite
4 main modes of transmission of protozoa
- direct
- faecal-oral
- vector-borne
- predator-prey transmission
3 major assemblages of parasitic helminths
- nematodes (roundworms)
- cestodes (tapeworms)
- trematodes ( flukes)
4 main modes of helminths transmission
- faecal-oral
- transdermal
- vector-borne
- predator-prey transmission
sources of parasitic infection
- contaminated soil and water
- raw and undercooked pork
- blood-sucking insects
- anopheles mosquito
- housefly (mechanical carrier)
- dog
- cat
- man
- autoinfection
modes of infection in parasitic disease
- autoinfection
- water-borne
- vector-borne
- through animal
- contaminated foods
- penetration through skin
portal of entry into the body
- mouth
*faecal-oral route - skin
- sexual contact
- kissing
- congenital
- may be transmitted from
mother to foetus through
placenta
- may be transmitted from
- inhalation
- latrogenic infection
- an infection after medical or
surgical management
- an infection after medical or
harmful effect of parasites
- traumatic damage
- lytic necrosis
- competition for specific
nutrient- diphyllobothrium latum
competes for vit. B12 leading
to PARASITIC-INDUCED
PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA
- diphyllobothrium latum
- inflammatory reaction
- E. histolytica produce
inflammation OF THE LARGE
INTESTINE
- E. histolytica produce
- allergic manifestation
- neoplasia
immunity in parasitic infections
- igM (first to appear marking the
presence of acute infection) - igG ( most abundant types in
parasitic infection) - igE ( high in the presence of
helminths and ectoparasite)
protective immune response to parasitic infection
- cytotoxic T cells
- natural killer cells
- activated macrophages
- antibody (produced by B-cell)
preventive measures for parasitic infection
- wash hands with soap and water
- never eat raw or undercooked meat
- disinfect all cutting boards, utensils and countertops that touched raw meat
- dont walk barefoot in places where soil may be contaminated with faeces
- clean up animal waste
fecal exam or ova and parasite test (O&P)
- to find the parasite that cause diarrhea, cramping and other abdominal illness.
- looks for ova (eggs) or the parasite
cellophane tape preps or scotch tape test
- recovery of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) egg
- specimen should be collected in the morning
sigmoidoscopy
- suspected amebiasis
- recovery of Entamoeba histolytica or helminths
sputum
- recovery of the eggs of the lung
fluke - specimen should be collected
in the early morning
mouth scrapping (MS) n nasal discharge (ND)
- MS to examine for E. gingivalis n Trichomonas tenax
- ND to check the presence of Naegleria fowleri
tissue biopsy (TB) /skin snips (SS)
- TB to examine for Leishmania braziliensis (cutaneous parasitic infections)
- SS to examine for Onchocerca volvulus
urine / genital specimen
- presence of Trichomonas vaginalis
- Schistosoma eggs
lumbar puncture
aspiration of CSF from the subarachnoid space (brain)
