C9 PARASITE

Question 1

what is parasitology

Answer 1

study of parasites

Question 2

what is parasites

Answer 2

organisms that live on/in other living organism

Question 3

parasitism

Answer 3

-relay that benefit to one party only
-cause harm to another

Question 4

mutualism/symbiosis

Answer 4

depend on each other equally

Question 5

obligate parasites

Answer 5

completely dependent on the host

Question 6

facultative parasite

Answer 6

can be parasitic, but doesn’t have to live as parasites

Question 7

ectoparasites

Answer 7

live on the surface of the host

Question 8

example of ectoparasites

Answer 8

mites and bugs

Question 9

endoparasites

Answer 9

live inside the body of the host

Question 10

example of endoparasites

Answer 10

parasitic protozoa and helminths

Question 11

commensalism

Answer 11

organism derive food from another organism without hurting or helping it

Question 12

host

Answer 12

organism which harbours the parasite and provide the nourishment and shelter

Question 13

definitive host

Answer 13

harbour the sexually mature or adult parasite

Question 14

intermediate host

Answer 14

harbour the larval or asexual form of the parasites

Question 15

paratenic host

Answer 15

act as a transporting agent for the parasite and parasite doesn’t undergo any development

Question 16

compromised host

Answer 16

host in whose normal defence mechanism has impaired

Question 17

pathogen

Answer 17

parasites able to produce disease

Question 18

infestation

Answer 18

present of arthropods on the skin of the host

Question 19

pathogenicity

Answer 19

ability of parasite to produce disease

Question 20

zoonosis

Answer 20

transmissible disease between man and animal

Question 21

virulence

Answer 21

the degree of pathogenicity

Question 22

vector

Answer 22

agent that transmit infection from one human host to another

Question 23

types of parasites

Answer 23

• protozoa (unicellular)
• helminths (multicellular)

Question 24

type of protozoa that is infectious to human

Answer 24

• amoeba
• flagellates
• sporozoa
• ciliata

Question 25

group of helminths (worm)

Answer 25

- cestodes - trematodes - nematodes

Question 26

microparasite

Answer 26

- small - unicellular and multiply within its vertebrate host - often inside cell

Question 27

macroparasite

Answer 27

- large - multicellular and has no direct reproduction

Question 28

is that all protozoa parasitic

Answer 28

no

Question 29

how protozoa become parasite

Answer 29

when it accidentally gain entrance to the body

Question 30

how the transmission of parasitic protozoa (in human intestine)

Answer 30

by fecal-oral route

Question 31

how protozoa transmitted in human blood or tissue

Answer 31

by an arthropod vector like mosquito's bite

Question 32

4 main modes of transmission of protozoa

Answer 32

- direct - faecal-oral - vector-borne - predator-prey transmission

Question 33

3 major assemblages of parasitic helminths

Answer 33

- nematodes (roundworms) - cestodes (tapeworms) - trematodes ( flukes)

Question 34

4 main modes of helminths transmission

Answer 34

- faecal-oral - transdermal - vector-borne - predator-prey transmission

Question 35

sources of parasitic infection

Answer 35

- contaminated soil and water - raw and undercooked pork - blood-sucking insects * anopheles mosquito - housefly (mechanical carrier) - dog - cat - man - autoinfection

Question 36

modes of infection in parasitic disease

Answer 36

- autoinfection - water-borne - vector-borne - through animal - contaminated foods - penetration through skin

Question 37

portal of entry into the body

Answer 37

- mouth *faecal-oral route - skin - sexual contact - kissing - congenital * may be transmitted from mother to foetus through placenta - inhalation - latrogenic infection * an infection after medical or surgical management

Question 38

harmful effect of parasites

Answer 38

- traumatic damage - lytic necrosis - competition for specific nutrient * diphyllobothrium latum competes for vit. B12 leading to PARASITIC-INDUCED PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA - inflammatory reaction * E. histolytica produce inflammation OF THE LARGE INTESTINE - allergic manifestation - neoplasia

Question 39

immunity in parasitic infections

Answer 39

- igM (first to appear marking the presence of acute infection) - igG ( most abundant types in parasitic infection) - igE ( high in the presence of helminths and ectoparasite)

Question 40

protective immune response to parasitic infection

Answer 40

- cytotoxic T cells - natural killer cells - activated macrophages - antibody (produced by B-cell)

Question 41

preventive measures for parasitic infection

Answer 41

- wash hands with soap and water - never eat raw or undercooked meat - disinfect all cutting boards, utensils and countertops that touched raw meat - dont walk barefoot in places where soil may be contaminated with faeces - clean up animal waste

Question 42

fecal exam or ova and parasite test (O&P)

Answer 42

- to find the parasite that cause diarrhea, cramping and other abdominal illness. - looks for ova (eggs) or the parasite

Question 43

cellophane tape preps or scotch tape test

Answer 43

- recovery of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) egg - specimen should be collected in the morning

Question 44

sigmoidoscopy

Answer 44

- suspected amebiasis - recovery of Entamoeba histolytica or helminths

Question 45

sputum

Answer 45

- recovery of the eggs of the lung fluke - specimen should be collected in the early morning

Question 46

mouth scrapping (MS) n nasal discharge (ND)

Answer 46

- MS to examine for E. gingivalis n Trichomonas tenax - ND to check the presence of Naegleria fowleri

Question 47

tissue biopsy (TB) /skin snips (SS)

Answer 47

- TB to examine for Leishmania braziliensis (cutaneous parasitic infections) - SS to examine for Onchocerca volvulus

Question 48

urine / genital specimen

Answer 48

- presence of Trichomonas vaginalis - Schistosoma eggs

Question 49

lumbar puncture

Answer 49

aspiration of CSF from the subarachnoid space (brain)