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Dr KOGI > C9 PARASITE > Flashcards

C9 PARASITE Flashcards

1
Q

what is parasitology

A

study of parasites

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2
Q

what is parasites

A

organisms that live on/in other living organism

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3
Q

parasitism

A

-relay that benefit to one party only
-cause harm to another

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4
Q

mutualism/symbiosis

A

depend on each other equally

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5
Q

obligate parasites

A

completely dependent on the host

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6
Q

facultative parasite

A

can be parasitic, but doesn’t have to live as parasites

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7
Q

ectoparasites

A

live on the surface of the host

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8
Q

example of ectoparasites

A

mites and bugs

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9
Q

endoparasites

A

live inside the body of the host

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10
Q

example of endoparasites

A

parasitic protozoa and helminths

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11
Q

commensalism

A

organism derive food from another organism without hurting or helping it

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12
Q

host

A

organism which harbours the parasite and provide the nourishment and shelter

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13
Q

definitive host

A

harbour the sexually mature or adult parasite

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14
Q

intermediate host

A

harbour the larval or asexual form of the parasites

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15
Q

paratenic host

A

act as a transporting agent for the parasite and parasite doesn’t undergo any development

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16
Q

compromised host

A

host in whose normal defence mechanism has impaired

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17
Q

pathogen

A

parasites able to produce disease

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18
Q

infestation

A

present of arthropods on the skin of the host

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19
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability of parasite to produce disease

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20
Q

zoonosis

A

transmissible disease between man and animal

21
Q

virulence

A

the degree of pathogenicity

22
Q

vector

A

agent that transmit infection from one human host to another

23
Q

types of parasites

A
  • protozoa (unicellular)
  • helminths (multicellular)
24
Q

type of protozoa that is infectious to human

A
  • amoeba
  • flagellates
  • sporozoa
  • ciliata
25
Q

group of helminths (worm)

A
  • cestodes
  • trematodes
  • nematodes
26
Q

microparasite

A
  • small
  • unicellular and multiply within its vertebrate host
  • often inside cell
27
Q

macroparasite

A
  • large
  • multicellular and has no direct reproduction
28
Q

is that all protozoa parasitic

A

no

29
Q

how protozoa become parasite

A

when it accidentally gain entrance to the body

30
Q

how the transmission of parasitic protozoa (in human intestine)

A

by fecal-oral route

31
Q

how protozoa transmitted in human blood or tissue

A

by an arthropod vector like mosquito’s bite

32
Q

4 main modes of transmission of protozoa

A
  • direct
  • faecal-oral
  • vector-borne
  • predator-prey transmission
33
Q

3 major assemblages of parasitic helminths

A
  • nematodes (roundworms)
  • cestodes (tapeworms)
  • trematodes ( flukes)
34
Q

4 main modes of helminths transmission

A
  • faecal-oral
  • transdermal
  • vector-borne
  • predator-prey transmission
35
Q

sources of parasitic infection

A
  • contaminated soil and water
  • raw and undercooked pork
  • blood-sucking insects
    • anopheles mosquito
  • housefly (mechanical carrier)
  • dog
  • cat
  • man
  • autoinfection
36
Q

modes of infection in parasitic disease

A
  • autoinfection
  • water-borne
  • vector-borne
  • through animal
  • contaminated foods
  • penetration through skin
37
Q

portal of entry into the body

A
  • mouth
    *faecal-oral route
  • skin
  • sexual contact
  • kissing
  • congenital
    • may be transmitted from
      mother to foetus through
      placenta
  • inhalation
  • latrogenic infection
    • an infection after medical or
      surgical management
38
Q

harmful effect of parasites

A
  • traumatic damage
  • lytic necrosis
  • competition for specific
    nutrient
    • diphyllobothrium latum
      competes for vit. B12 leading
      to PARASITIC-INDUCED
      PERNICIOUS ANAEMIA
  • inflammatory reaction
    • E. histolytica produce
      inflammation OF THE LARGE
      INTESTINE
  • allergic manifestation
  • neoplasia
39
Q

immunity in parasitic infections

A
  • igM (first to appear marking the
    presence of acute infection)
  • igG ( most abundant types in
    parasitic infection)
  • igE ( high in the presence of
    helminths and ectoparasite)
40
Q

protective immune response to parasitic infection

A
  • cytotoxic T cells
  • natural killer cells
  • activated macrophages
  • antibody (produced by B-cell)
41
Q

preventive measures for parasitic infection

A
  • wash hands with soap and water
  • never eat raw or undercooked meat
  • disinfect all cutting boards, utensils and countertops that touched raw meat
  • dont walk barefoot in places where soil may be contaminated with faeces
  • clean up animal waste
42
Q

fecal exam or ova and parasite test (O&P)

A
  • to find the parasite that cause diarrhea, cramping and other abdominal illness.
  • looks for ova (eggs) or the parasite
43
Q

cellophane tape preps or scotch tape test

A
  • recovery of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) egg
  • specimen should be collected in the morning
44
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A
  • suspected amebiasis
  • recovery of Entamoeba histolytica or helminths
45
Q

sputum

A
  • recovery of the eggs of the lung
    fluke
  • specimen should be collected
    in the early morning
46
Q

mouth scrapping (MS) n nasal discharge (ND)

A
  • MS to examine for E. gingivalis n Trichomonas tenax
  • ND to check the presence of Naegleria fowleri
47
Q

tissue biopsy (TB) /skin snips (SS)

A
  • TB to examine for Leishmania braziliensis (cutaneous parasitic infections)
  • SS to examine for Onchocerca volvulus
48
Q

urine / genital specimen

A
  • presence of Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Schistosoma eggs
49
Q

lumbar puncture

A

aspiration of CSF from the subarachnoid space (brain)

Dr KOGI (7 decks)

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