C5 LOCAL GENERAL EFFECT

Question 1

asepsis

Answer 1

freedom from disease-causing microorganism

Question 2

sepsis

Answer 2

presence of bacteria or other infectious organism or their toxin in the blood or in other tissue of the body

Question 3

virulence

Answer 3

degree of microorganism can cause infection

Question 4

types of infection

Answer 4

1. local infection
2. systemic infection

Question 5

local infection

Answer 5

• infection where the pathogen that invade are limited to a specific point of body n remain there, multiplying until eliminated

Question 6

systemic infection

Answer 6

• condition where pathogen spread n damage diff. parts of the body
• e.g measles n chickenpox

Question 7

acute vs chronic

Answer 7

• acute infection
• appear suddenly or last a short time , influenza
• chronic infection
• occur slowly, over a long period, may last month or year, TB

Question 8

classification of infection

Answer 8

1. latent infectious disease
2. opportunistic infection
3. primary infection
4. reinfection
5. secondary infection
6. cross-infection
7. nosocomial
8. subclinical

Question 9

1. latent infectious disease

Answer 9

• arises from microorganism that remain dormant in the body for long period , then become active

Question 10

2. opportunistic infection

Answer 10

• arises from microorganism which are not normally pathogenic to healthy people

Question 11

3. primary infection

Answer 11

• initial infection caused by microorganism in host

Question 12

4. reinfection

Answer 12

• the subsequent infection by same organism in the same host

Question 13

5. secondary infection

Answer 13

• new infection set up by new organism in the host when resistance of the host is lowered due to pre-existing infections disease

Question 14

6. cross-infection

Answer 14

• when a patient is suffering from a disease n a new infection is set up from another host or external source

Question 15

7. nosocomial

Answer 15

• cross infection occuring in the hospital or hospital acquired infection

Question 16

8. subclinical

Answer 16

• where clinical symptom are not apparent

Question 17

stages of infection

Answer 17

1. incubation
2. prodromal
3. illness
4. convalescence

Question 18

incubation

Answer 18

• time between entry of an infectious agent in the host and the onset of the symptoms
• invades the tissue n begins to multiply to produce infection
• no sign n symptoms

Question 19

prodromal

Answer 19

• time from onset of nonspecific symptoms until specific symptoms
• may be infectious to others
• early sign n symptoms present but vague

Question 20

illness

Answer 20

• when sign n symptom are present

Question 21

convalescence

Answer 21

• patient’ s immune response n other defense mechanism overcome the pathogen
• the person usually regain strength n health is restored
• even the patients may recover but there may be some permanent damage

Question 22

inflammation

Answer 22

• local n nonspecific defensive response of the tissue
• immediate response of the body to any kind of injury
• penyakit yg ad ‘-itis’ belakang

Question 23

purpose of inflammation

Answer 23

• neutralize n destroy harmful agents
• limit their spread to other tissue
• prepare the damaged tissue for repair

Question 24

5 classic sign of inflammation

Answer 24

• pain
• swelling due to accumulated fluid at the site
• redness caused by increased blood flow
• heat due to hyperemia (increase of blood supply)
• impaired function of the part

Question 25

main characteristics of systemic infection

Answer 25

• affects the bloodstream causing symptom throughout the body
• pathogen is distributed throughout the body
• bacterial toxin leads to systemic infection

Question 26

clinical manifestation of systemic infection

Answer 26

• malaise
  *feel tired n lack of energy
• fever
• chills
  
  • cause shiver
• aches
  *fore head n back
• nausea
  
  • reacts to certain smell by vomiting
• vomiting

Question 27

antimicrobial therapy

Answer 27

• antibiotic
  
  • subs. produced by the microorganism that suppress the growth of other microorganism and may destroy them
    *categorized into :
    
    • broad spectrum = active against many gram + bacteria n gram - bacteria
    • narrow spectrum = effective only against gram - bacteria

Question 28

mode of action of antibiotic

Answer 28

• inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
• inhibitors of cell membrane func
• inhibitors of protein synthesis
• inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis
• inhibitors of other metabolic process

Question 29

antiviral chemotherapy

Answer 29

• antibacterial drugs are not effective against viruses
• viruses are intracellular, to attack them, chemotherapy agent must enter host cell

Question 30

antifungal drugs

Answer 30

• Nystatin
  
  • produce during fermentation by streptomyces noursei
  • limited to yeast n fungi
• Griseofulvin
  
  • use in the treatment of superficial fungi infection of the skin n body also some systemic mycosis

Question 31

factor contributing to the evolution of resistant microbial organism (DRUG RESISTANCE)

Answer 31

• over prescriptions of antibiotic
• use of inappropriate antibiotic for infecting organism
• incomplete use of antibiotic prescription
• harbouring n spreading of resistant organism by carriers
• increased of antibiotic in farming , thus contaminating milk n meat

Question 32

ways to minimize drug resistance

Answer 32

• avoid indiscriminate use of antibiotics when they are no real clinical use
• avoid use of antibiotic commonly use of generalized infections
• using correct dose of proper antibiotic to overcome infection quickly
• using combination of antibiotic of proven effectiveness
• use a diff. antibiotic when an organism gives evidence of becoming resistance to one used initially