C9: Ecosystem Flashcards
state ecosystem in order
species, population, community, ecosystem
what is habitat?
the natural surrounding and living place of an organism
What is species?
a group of similar organisms which able to interbreed to produce offspring
What is population?
a group of organisms of same species live in same habitat
What is community?
a few populations of organisms from different species live in same habitat and interacting with each other
What is ecosystem
a few communities live together in a habitat and interacting with each other including non-living things
what is niche?
the role of organisms in an ecosystem including their behaviour and interactions with biotic and abiotic components of habitat
two type of niche
- ecological niche
- the role of organisms in an ecosystem
- species niche
- the way a species interacts with biotic and abiotic components of surroundings
state 3 biotic components
- producer
- consumer
- decomposer
state 6 abiotic components
- temperature
- pH value
- light intensity
- topography
- air humidity
- microclimate
Importance of earthworms and microorganisms in soil
to maintain the soil fertility
How surrounding temperature affect the physiological activities of plants and animals
- enzymes sensitive to temperature changes
- ## reduces rate of metabolic
examples of animals which can live in extreme temperature
- Polar bear in Tundra ( -14C)
- foxes in desert (45C)
Why plants in coniferous forests have lower density as well as shorter and smaller?
- low light intensity
- short duration of sunlight`
what is topography?
is the physical characteristic of surface of the Earth
- aspect
- gradient
- altitude
How altitude affects growth of plants?
- the lower the altitude
- the lower the air humidity, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen content
- the smaller the size of plants
Characteristic of plants in steeper mountain
- thorn scrubs
- small pointed leaves
- short
Why the soil layer at the steeper mountain is thinner and drier?
- swift of water movement
- easy to erode
What is aspect refers to?
- direction of wind blow
- direction of ray of sunlight
Why did the mountain slope facing the sea has denser plants?
- more rainfall distribute
- more sunlight exposed
What is microclimate?
the climate condition of a small area which is different from the surrounding area
- under the rocks
- beneath the shades of bigger plants
What is air humidity
the quantity of water vapour in the air
How plants maintain optimum temperature for enzyme action (relate to air humidity)
- low air humidity
- more water loss from stoma
- higher rate of transpiration
- higher rate of absorption of water and mineral salts
- cause cooling effects
Why rhinoceros wallow in muddy water on hot days?
- big body
- small surface area per volume
- low rate of heat released
- mud dried up to protect the skin form the heat
2 types of autotrophic
- photo
- chemo
3 types of heterotrophic
- saprophytic
- parasites
- holozoic
explain photoautotrophic
- synthesise complex organic compounds from carbon dioxide
- with light energy
- via photosynthesis
- green plants
explain chemoautotrophic
- gain energy from oxidation of inorganic substances
- synthesis organic compounds
- without light energy
- via chemosynthesis
- nitrobacter sp.
explain saprophytic
- gain nutrient from dead body
- digest outside the body
- nutrient absorb into body
- fungi
explain parasites
- absorb nutrients from host
- tapeworms
explain holozoic
- eat solid substances
- digest and absorb in body
- most animals and human beings
What is meaning of food chain?
a sequence of energy transfer from a trophic level to another trophic level, beginning with producer
3 types of ecological pyramids
- numbers (no. decrease, size increase)
- biomass (per unit area decrease)
- energy (decrease)
how to measured biomass
by dry mass
Why does the lower the trophic level, the higher the energy
- only 10% stored in body tissue as supplement
- 90% is dissipated into environment though heat, living process and excretion.
4 types of main interaction among biotic components
- symbiosis
- competition
- saprophytism
- predation
2 types of competition
- intraspecific (in same species)
- interspecific (in different species)
3 types of symbiosis
- mutualism (both benefit)
- commensalism (one benefic)
- parasitism (one benefit, one harm)
example of mutualism
myna eat lice on buffalo’s body
example of commensalism
remora fish get food scraps from shark
example of parasitism
tapeworm lives in human’s intestines to get nutrients
state abiotic components of mangrove ecosystem
- exposed to strong light intensity
- exposed to strong wind blow
- exposed to waves and water tiles
- high concentration of salt and low oxygen content
- germination of seedlings in tidal area
- soft, and muddy soil that lacks aeration
5 parts of mangrove trees for adaptation
- prop roots
- leaves
- pneumatophores
- seeds
- buttress roots
function of buttress roots of mangrove tree
- thick structure to widen the base
- provide support
how the seeds of mangrove trees adapt to surroundings
- viviparous seeds germinate and grow on parent plants
- enables fallen seedlings stick to muddy soil
- not to be uprooted by waves
what is pioneer species
a species that begin to colonise an area where there are no other living things
2 process to undergo in an ecosystem
colonisation
succession
3 zones of mangrove ecosystem
- coastal zone
- middle zone
- inland zone
Explain what happened in coastal zone
- most exposed to big waves
- dominated by pioneer species
- avicennia sp. and sonneratia sp.
- enlarged root system and pneumatophores help to trap mud
- mud accumulate slowly
- the soil become higher and denser
- replace by Rhizophora
Explain what happened in middle zone
- situated along the river
- prop roots to trap twigs and mud
- cause sedimentation
- river bank becomes higher and drier
- less seawater overflows during high tides
- replaced by bruguiera sp.
Explain what happened in inland zone
- situated further into land
- soil become higher and harder, seawater only flows when high tides
- buttress roots to trap more mud and silt
- sedimentation form new swamp
- replaced by land trees (pandanus sp.)
colonisation and succession of mangrove tree
- avicennia sp.
- sonneratia sp.
- rhizophora sp.
- bruguiera sp.
- land trees (nypa fruticans and pandanus sp.)
Avicii 在唱 senorita，突然被rhino撞，bruce lee把rhino杀死，可是nipple突然长出pandan
importance of mangrove tree
- protection zone
- fishery resources
- forestry resources
- food and medicine resources
how mangrove trees contribute in food and medicine field
- avicennia produce honey
- sonneratia’s fruit used to produce drinks
- nypa used to produce vinegar and nira
- bruguiera’s bark used to treat diaarhoae
5 factor affecting population distribution of plants
- temperature
- water
- pH value of soil
- light
- mineral salt content
4 factor affecting population distribution of animals
- temperature
- breeding site
- water
- food supply
3 patterns of population distribution
- clumped (uneven food distribution)
- random (species have little interactions)
- uniform (every individual competes for limited resources)
State the meaning of population size and population density
- population size: the number of organisms in a population
- population density: the number of individuals of a species per unit area of a habitat
what organisms are suitable for Quadrat Sampling Technique
for land plants or animals which are inactive or move slow
what can be estimated using quadrat sampling technique
- density
- coverage
- frequency
the technique that is suitable to estimate population size of organisms which can move freely
CMRRT
Capture - Mark - Release - Recapture - Technique\
how to calculate the population size by using CMRRT
(no. first captured + no. second captured) / no. marked second captured
what ink is using to mark the animals in CMRRT
- nail polish
- indian ink
- paint
how to increase accuracy in CMRRT
- capture more animals
- marking must be permanent
- captured randomly
- enough time for the marked and unmarked animals to mix
what is the assumption in CMRRT
- population does not change
- marked animals are not harmed
- marked animals has same probability of being captured as unmarked animals
- marked animals are mix randomly with other animals
