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F5 Biology > C9: Ecosystem > Flashcards

C9: Ecosystem Flashcards

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1
Q

state ecosystem in order

A

species, population, community, ecosystem

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2
Q

what is habitat?

A

the natural surrounding and living place of an organism

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3
Q

What is species?

A

a group of similar organisms which able to interbreed to produce offspring

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4
Q

What is population?

A

a group of organisms of same species live in same habitat

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5
Q

What is community?

A

a few populations of organisms from different species live in same habitat and interacting with each other

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6
Q

What is ecosystem

A

a few communities live together in a habitat and interacting with each other including non-living things

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7
Q

what is niche?

A

the role of organisms in an ecosystem including their behaviour and interactions with biotic and abiotic components of habitat

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8
Q

two type of niche

A
  • ecological niche
  • the role of organisms in an ecosystem
  • species niche
  • the way a species interacts with biotic and abiotic components of surroundings
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9
Q

state 3 biotic components

A
  • producer
  • consumer
  • decomposer
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10
Q

state 6 abiotic components

A
  • temperature
  • pH value
  • light intensity
  • topography
  • air humidity
  • microclimate
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11
Q

Importance of earthworms and microorganisms in soil

A

to maintain the soil fertility

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12
Q

How surrounding temperature affect the physiological activities of plants and animals

A
  • enzymes sensitive to temperature changes
  • ## reduces rate of metabolic
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13
Q

examples of animals which can live in extreme temperature

A
  • Polar bear in Tundra ( -14C)

- foxes in desert (45C)

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14
Q

Why plants in coniferous forests have lower density as well as shorter and smaller?

A
  • low light intensity

- short duration of sunlight`

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15
Q

what is topography?

A

is the physical characteristic of surface of the Earth

  • aspect
  • gradient
  • altitude
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16
Q

How altitude affects growth of plants?

A
  • the lower the altitude
  • the lower the air humidity, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen content
  • the smaller the size of plants
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17
Q

Characteristic of plants in steeper mountain

A
  • thorn scrubs
  • small pointed leaves
  • short
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18
Q

Why the soil layer at the steeper mountain is thinner and drier?

A
  • swift of water movement

- easy to erode

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19
Q

What is aspect refers to?

A
  • direction of wind blow

- direction of ray of sunlight

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20
Q

Why did the mountain slope facing the sea has denser plants?

A
  • more rainfall distribute

- more sunlight exposed

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21
Q

What is microclimate?

A

the climate condition of a small area which is different from the surrounding area

  • under the rocks
  • beneath the shades of bigger plants
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22
Q

What is air humidity

A

the quantity of water vapour in the air

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23
Q

How plants maintain optimum temperature for enzyme action (relate to air humidity)

A
  • low air humidity
  • more water loss from stoma
  • higher rate of transpiration
  • higher rate of absorption of water and mineral salts
  • cause cooling effects
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24
Q

Why rhinoceros wallow in muddy water on hot days?

A
  • big body
  • small surface area per volume
  • low rate of heat released
  • mud dried up to protect the skin form the heat
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25
Q

2 types of autotrophic

A
  • photo

- chemo

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26
Q

3 types of heterotrophic

A
  • saprophytic
  • parasites
  • holozoic
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27
Q

explain photoautotrophic

A
  • synthesise complex organic compounds from carbon dioxide
  • with light energy
  • via photosynthesis
  • green plants
28
Q

explain chemoautotrophic

A
  • gain energy from oxidation of inorganic substances
  • synthesis organic compounds
  • without light energy
  • via chemosynthesis
  • nitrobacter sp.
29
Q

explain saprophytic

A
  • gain nutrient from dead body
  • digest outside the body
  • nutrient absorb into body
  • fungi
30
Q

explain parasites

A
  • absorb nutrients from host

- tapeworms

31
Q

explain holozoic

A
  • eat solid substances
  • digest and absorb in body
  • most animals and human beings
32
Q

What is meaning of food chain?

A

a sequence of energy transfer from a trophic level to another trophic level, beginning with producer

33
Q

3 types of ecological pyramids

A
  • numbers (no. decrease, size increase)
  • biomass (per unit area decrease)
  • energy (decrease)
34
Q

how to measured biomass

A

by dry mass

35
Q

Why does the lower the trophic level, the higher the energy

A
  • only 10% stored in body tissue as supplement

- 90% is dissipated into environment though heat, living process and excretion.

36
Q

4 types of main interaction among biotic components

A
  • symbiosis
  • competition
  • saprophytism
  • predation
37
Q

2 types of competition

A
  • intraspecific (in same species)

- interspecific (in different species)

38
Q

3 types of symbiosis

A
  • mutualism (both benefit)
  • commensalism (one benefic)
  • parasitism (one benefit, one harm)
39
Q

example of mutualism

A

myna eat lice on buffalo’s body

40
Q

example of commensalism

A

remora fish get food scraps from shark

41
Q

example of parasitism

A

tapeworm lives in human’s intestines to get nutrients

42
Q

state abiotic components of mangrove ecosystem

A
  • exposed to strong light intensity
  • exposed to strong wind blow
  • exposed to waves and water tiles
  • high concentration of salt and low oxygen content
  • germination of seedlings in tidal area
  • soft, and muddy soil that lacks aeration
43
Q

5 parts of mangrove trees for adaptation

A
  • prop roots
  • leaves
  • pneumatophores
  • seeds
  • buttress roots
44
Q

function of buttress roots of mangrove tree

A
  • thick structure to widen the base

- provide support

45
Q

how the seeds of mangrove trees adapt to surroundings

A
  • viviparous seeds germinate and grow on parent plants
  • enables fallen seedlings stick to muddy soil
  • not to be uprooted by waves
46
Q

what is pioneer species

A

a species that begin to colonise an area where there are no other living things

47
Q

2 process to undergo in an ecosystem

A

colonisation

succession

48
Q

3 zones of mangrove ecosystem

A
  • coastal zone
  • middle zone
  • inland zone
49
Q

Explain what happened in coastal zone

A
  • most exposed to big waves
  • dominated by pioneer species
  • avicennia sp. and sonneratia sp.
  • enlarged root system and pneumatophores help to trap mud
  • mud accumulate slowly
  • the soil become higher and denser
  • replace by Rhizophora
50
Q

Explain what happened in middle zone

A
  • situated along the river
  • prop roots to trap twigs and mud
  • cause sedimentation
  • river bank becomes higher and drier
  • less seawater overflows during high tides
  • replaced by bruguiera sp.
51
Q

Explain what happened in inland zone

A
  • situated further into land
  • soil become higher and harder, seawater only flows when high tides
  • buttress roots to trap more mud and silt
  • sedimentation form new swamp
  • replaced by land trees (pandanus sp.)
52
Q

colonisation and succession of mangrove tree

A
  1. avicennia sp.
  2. sonneratia sp.
  3. rhizophora sp.
  4. bruguiera sp.
  5. land trees (nypa fruticans and pandanus sp.)

Avicii 在唱 senorita，突然被rhino撞，bruce lee把rhino杀死，可是nipple突然长出pandan

53
Q

importance of mangrove tree

A
  • protection zone
  • fishery resources
  • forestry resources
  • food and medicine resources
54
Q

how mangrove trees contribute in food and medicine field

A
  • avicennia produce honey
  • sonneratia’s fruit used to produce drinks
  • nypa used to produce vinegar and nira
  • bruguiera’s bark used to treat diaarhoae
55
Q

5 factor affecting population distribution of plants

A
  • temperature
  • water
  • pH value of soil
  • light
  • mineral salt content
56
Q

4 factor affecting population distribution of animals

A
  • temperature
  • breeding site
  • water
  • food supply
57
Q

3 patterns of population distribution

A
  • clumped (uneven food distribution)
  • random (species have little interactions)
  • uniform (every individual competes for limited resources)
58
Q

State the meaning of population size and population density

A
  • population size: the number of organisms in a population

- population density: the number of individuals of a species per unit area of a habitat

59
Q

what organisms are suitable for Quadrat Sampling Technique

A

for land plants or animals which are inactive or move slow

60
Q

what can be estimated using quadrat sampling technique

A
  • density
  • coverage
  • frequency
61
Q

the technique that is suitable to estimate population size of organisms which can move freely

A

CMRRT

Capture - Mark - Release - Recapture - Technique\

62
Q

how to calculate the population size by using CMRRT

A

(no. first captured + no. second captured) / no. marked second captured

63
Q

what ink is using to mark the animals in CMRRT

A
  • nail polish
  • indian ink
  • paint
64
Q

how to increase accuracy in CMRRT

A
  • capture more animals
  • marking must be permanent
  • captured randomly
  • enough time for the marked and unmarked animals to mix
65
Q

what is the assumption in CMRRT

A
  • population does not change
  • marked animals are not harmed
  • marked animals has same probability of being captured as unmarked animals
  • marked animals are mix randomly with other animals

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