C13: Genetic Technology Flashcards
what is genetic engineering
a gene manipulation technique to modify an organism’s genetic materials to produce new combination of genes
what is GMO
( Genetically Modified Organism )
- an organism that is produced by recombinant DNA technology
what is genome
- a complete set of DNA
- contain all information to build and carry out life processes
2 examples of transgenic organisms
- cow produce milk does not contain B-lactoglobulin (protein cause allergy)
- goat possesses human gene code for blood clotting factor to produce goat’s milk contain blood coagulation factor and can be purified treat haemophilia
5 characteristics of GMF
( genetically modified food)
- resistance to pest
- resistance to herbicide
- resistance to disease
- tolerance to heavy metals
- application in medicine
5 advantages of GMF
- overcome worldwide food shortage
- increase nutritional value
- reduce cost
- reduce pest problem
- reduce usage of pesticides
3 disadvantages of GMF
- endangered natural species
- usually stronger might disrupt the food chain in ecosystem
- leakage of modified gene cause mutation of species
- foreign gene in GMF may transferred to humans (antibiotic-resistance gene)
- may have adverse effect on human heath and genetic materials
2 examples of GMF
- bacillus thuringiensis inserted into corn to increase resistance against insect pest
- arabidopsis sp. plant’s gene is inserted into potato genome to increase tolerance freezing conditions and grow well in cold climate
how super salmon is created
- approve by Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- insert growth hormone from Chinook Salmon into genome of Atlantic salmon
how human insulin gene is transferred to bacterium to produce insulin
bacterium: escherichia coli
1. insulin gene is cut with restriction enzymes
2. plasmid (circular DNA) found in bacterium used as cloning vector
3. human gene is inserted into a plasmid using DNA ligase enzyme
4. the recombinant plasmid is introduced into a bacterium
5. bacterial clone multiplies and produce insulin
6. insulin is extracted form transgenic bacteria and purified
what is biotechnology
a field which utilises technology or method to manipulate organisms for biological products
4 main biotechnology activities
- food and nutrition
- marine biotechnology
- industrial processes involve microorganisms
- improve agriculture product
2 sub biotechnology activitied
- medicine and health
- environmental biotehcnology
purpose of gene therapy
to treat or prevent genetic diseases
how gene therapy work to prevent genetic disease
- a normal gene is cultivated and extracted in a lab
- the normal gene is inserted in a virus carrier
- the virus is introduced into patient via injection
- replace the abnormal gene
- stop the synthesis of mutated tissue
3 diseases that can be cured by gene therapy
- muscular dystrophy
- cystic fibrosis
- few cancer
purpose of DNA profiling technique
to identify individuals
4 applications in DNA profiling
- identify criminal
- identify genetic diseases
- determine sustainability of organ donour and recipient
- solve paternity and maternity dispute
8 steps in DNA profiling
- sample is obtained from skin, blood and semen
- DNA is extracted
- restriction enzyme cut the DNA into different size of DNA fragments
- DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis
- then is transferred to a nylon membrane
- radioactive probes is added
- X-ray film is placed on top of nylon membrane
- X-ray film is processed to show positions of DNA bands
function of bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
- to secrete toxin
- saved cost for pesticides
- increase yield
- used in cotton farm, corn and brinjal
how Bt function
- gene that produces Bt toxin inserted into plants
- pest feed on the plants
- toxin affects the digestive system
- pest die
what is bioremediation
a method which uses bacteria to clean up environmental pollutants
what bacteria is used to treat oil spillage
- alconivorax borkumensis
- oil is its source of energy
4 importance of biotechnology in agriculture
- produce best livestock and crops breed (tissue culture and cloning)
- produce paddy varieties which give more yield and mature faster
- produces disease-resistant clones
- mass reproduction by animal cloning
5 importance of biotechnology in medicine
- reduce risk mental disease
- prevent specific diseases
- modify genetic content
- enable human with dwarf genetics can have normal children
- assist women with difficulty to conceive
importance of biotechnology in forensic
to identify criminal based on body tissue and fluid
3 importance of biotechnology in enviromental
- microbes expedite decay of waste products
- degrade faeces completely
- reduce pollutions
how bioremediation works
- specific species of microorganism such as hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria can be used
- the bacteria will break down the hydrocarbon mixture via oxidation
- hydrocarbon compound is oxidised into water molecule and carbon dioxide
- the surface of water is cleaned by getting rid of oil spillage
