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F5 Biology > C8: Biodiversity > Flashcards

C8: Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Meaning of taxonomy

A

a field in biology which involves classification, identification, and naming of organisms in an organised manner

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2
Q

System for classification

A

taxonomic hierarchy system

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3
Q

system for identification

A

dichotomous key

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4
Q

system for naming

A

binomial nomenclature system

LInnaeus Binomial System

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5
Q

The six kingdom of organisms

A
  • archaebacteria
  • eubacteria
  • protista
  • fungi
  • plantae
  • animalia
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6
Q

Meaning of prokayote

A

a type of cell which lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

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7
Q

Meaning of eukaryote

A

has a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

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8
Q

organism that can synthesise their own food from organic materials by using light energy or chemical energy

A

Autotroph

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9
Q

Organism that obtain food molecules by eating other organisms

A

heterotroph

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10
Q

Prokaryote organism

A
  • archaebacteria

- eubacteria

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11
Q

Eukaryote organism

A
  • protista
  • fungi
  • plantae
  • animalia
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12
Q

Condition of environment archaebacteria live in;

A

very hot, acidic or anaerobic environment

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13
Q

Three groups of archaebacteria

A
  • methanogen ( found in swamps and digestive tract, produce methane )
  • halophile ( extremely high salt concentration) [ Dead Sea]
  • thermophile ( withstand high temperature, optimum temp: 60-80, hot spring and highly acidic environment) [Yellowstone National Park]
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14
Q

examples of archaebacteria

A
  • sulfur-oxidisiing bacteria

- halobacterium salinarum

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15
Q

What is ‘true’ bacteria?

A

eubacteria

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16
Q

What is peptidoglycan? ( found in cell wall of eubacteria_

A
  • murein

- a polymer made up of sugars and amino acids

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17
Q

Content of cytoplasm of the eubacteria

A

ribosome and plasmids only

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18
Q

example of eubacteria

A
  • vibrio cholerae

- streptococcus pneumoniae

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19
Q

Does protista has specialised tissue

A

No

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20
Q

Three group of protista

A
  • protozoa
  • algae
  • slime mould
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21
Q

example of protozoa

A

amoeba sp.

paramecium sp.

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22
Q

example of algae

A
  • Chlamydomonas sp.

- Spirogyra sp.

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23
Q

example of slime mould

A

Physarum polycephalum

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24
Q

Cell wall of fungi made up of what?

A

chitin

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25
Q

what is the threadlike network of hyphae (body of fungi)

A

mycelium

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26
Q

Plantae synthesise own food via photosynthesis. What does it called?

A

photoautotroph

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27
Q

Linnaeus hierarchy system

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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28
Q

3 rules of Binomial Nomenclature system

A
  1. first word: genus, second word: species
  2. First letter of genus is capitalised
  3. Printed in italics // underlined seperately(handwritten)
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29
Q

How dichotomous key function?

A

based on similarities and differences

- by using series of couplets

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30
Q

In situ conservation

A
  • to maintains species in the natural habitat

- National parks , permanent forest reserves

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31
Q

Ex situ conservation

A
  • to conserve species found outside their natural habitats

- zoos. botanical garden

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32
Q

3 types of biodiversity

A

genetic
ecosystem
species

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33
Q

What causes gene variation

A
  • individual isolation

- adaptation to different environment

34
Q

what is species richness and species evenness?

A

species richness: total number of species in a community

species evenness: species distribution in a community

35
Q

State meaning of phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of a species or a group of organisms that are genetically linked

36
Q

How phylogenic tree works?

A

by homologous structure
( structure that can be observed across multiple organisms that shared the same ancestor although the function are different)

37
Q

Common ancestor of land plant

A

green algae

38
Q

Function of plasmid ( bacteria)

A

to carry extra gene

39
Q

Name the genetic materials in bacteria

A
  • nucleoid
  • in form of chromosomal threads(DNA)
  • free-floating in cytoplasm
40
Q

Basic shape of bacteria

coccus, vibrio, bacillus, spirillum

A
  • coccus: sphere
  • vibrio: comma
  • bacillus: rod//cylinder
  • spirillum: spiral
41
Q

Classified lactobacillus sp,

A

bacteria

42
Q

is protozoa uni or multicellular?

A

unicellular

43
Q

How amoeba sp., paramecium sp., and euglena sp. move?

A

amoeba: pseudopodia(false feet)
paramecium: cilia
euglena: flagellum

44
Q

Classified Chlamydomonas sp.

uni or multicellular

A

algae, unicellular

45
Q

Classified fucus sp.

uni or multicellular

A

algae, multicellular

46
Q

function of flagellum

A

to move in water

47
Q

Fungi is heterotroph, state the two types

A
  • parasites

- saprophytes

48
Q

Is yeast uni or multicellular

A

unicellular

49
Q

state one multicellular fungi

A

mucor sp.

50
Q

where does fungi usually found?

A
  • dark and moist place

- on decomposing or dead organisms

51
Q

Why are virus not included in kingdom?

A
  • they are not cellular organisms
  • does not carry any lifespam
  • they reproduce using living cells by injecting their genetic materials into the host cell
52
Q

What virus made up of?

A
  • nucleic acid(DNA or RNA)

- capsids made from protein

53
Q

State few examples of virus

A
  • tobacco mosaic virus
  • T4 bacteriophage
  • HIV ( Human immunodeficiency Virus)
54
Q

4 ways of nitrogen gas from atmosphere to be converted into nitrate

A
  • lightning
  • industrial fertiliser
  • nitrogen-fixing process
  • ammonification
55
Q

How nitrogen-fixing process carry out?

A
  • Rhizobium sp. and Azotobacter sp. fix the nitrogen from atmosphere
  • change it into ammonium ions, NH4+
56
Q

Where does Rhizobium sp. live in?

A

in root nodules of legumes

57
Q

Where does Azotobacter sp. live in?

A

It is free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria

58
Q

How lightning work in nitrogen cycle?

A
  • oxidise nitrogen into nitrogen dioxide,NO2
  • dissolve in rainwater
  • form nitrous acid and nitric acid
  • form nitrate salts in soil
59
Q

two industrial fertiliser

A

ammonium,NH4+

nitrate, NO3-

60
Q

Explain ammonification

A
  • animals or plants die
  • decompose by bacteria and saprophytic fungi
  • protein in body tissue is broken down into ammonium ions,NH4-
61
Q

What is nitrification

A
  • Ammonium ions,NH4+ is converted into nitrite ions,NO2-, by nitrosomonas sp.
  • nitrite ions,NO2- is converted into nitrate ions,NO3-, by Nitrobacter sp.
62
Q

function of Nitrosomonas sp. in nitrogen cycle

A
  • for nitrification
  • nitrifying bacteria
  • to convert ammonium ions,NH4+ into nitrite ions,NO2-
63
Q

function of Nitrobacter sp. in nitrogen cycle

A
  • nitrifying bacteria

- to convert nitrite ions,NO2- into nitrate ions,NO3-

64
Q

Explain denitrification process

A

denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates in the soil into nitrogen gas

65
Q

How nitrate in soil is transferred into animal’s tissue?

A
  • nitrates is absorb by roots of plants
  • used to synthesise protein
  • plant is eaten by animals
  • nitrogen transferred into animal’s tissue
  • animals die and nitrogen cycle formed
66
Q

4 roles of organisms

A
  • producer
  • decomposer
  • parasite
  • symbiont
67
Q

importance of phytoplankton

A
  • as producer in food chain (aquatic ecosystem)
  • floating on the surface of ponds, ocean and lakes
  • ## carry out photosynthesis
68
Q

Why is decomposer important to plants?

A
  • decompose organic materials from dead organisms
  • break down complex organic materials (animal waste) into simple compounds (ammonium)
  • secrete digestive enzymes into decaying organic materials
  • absorb the products (contain important element required by plants such as carbon, sulphur, and nitrogen)
  • returned to the soil and absorbed by plants
69
Q

What is parasitic relationship?

A

parasites benefit while host is harmed

70
Q

The parasites live inside the female Anopheles mosquito

A
  • Plasmodium sp.
  • transmit malaria
  • when people is bitten, the parasite will be transferred into his blood circulatory system
71
Q

explain 2 types of symbionts

A
  • ectosymbionts ( live inside the host)
  • ectomycorrhiza, a fungi live around plant roots
  • endosymbionts ( live outside the host)
  • trichonympha sp. ,a protozoa live is alimentary canals of termites
72
Q

What is pathogen?

A

an organism which causes diseases

73
Q

What is vector?

A

organisms the transmit pathogen and cause certain disease

74
Q

How people get cholerae

A
  • Bacteria vibrio cholerae is spread by flies
  • the food is contaminated
  • the person consume it
75
Q

How dengue virus transmitted?

A

by Aedes aegypti mosquito bites

76
Q

How Salmonella typhi transmitted?

A
  • by cockroaches

- through food and drinks`

77
Q

what is the pathogen and symptoms of hepatitis B

A

virus

  • inflammation
  • swollen chest
  • yellowish skin and eyes
78
Q

what is the pathogen and symptoms of tuberculosis

A

Bacteria

  • loss of weight
  • coughing
  • shortness of breathing
79
Q

what is the pathogen and symptoms of dysentery

A

Protozoa

  • stomach ache
  • diarrhoea
  • vomit
80
Q

what is the pathogen and symptoms of tinea versicolour

A

Fungi

- whitish or pinkish patches on the skin

F5 Biology (10 decks)

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