C8: Biodiversity Flashcards
Meaning of taxonomy
a field in biology which involves classification, identification, and naming of organisms in an organised manner
System for classification
taxonomic hierarchy system
system for identification
dichotomous key
system for naming
binomial nomenclature system
LInnaeus Binomial System
The six kingdom of organisms
- archaebacteria
- eubacteria
- protista
- fungi
- plantae
- animalia
Meaning of prokayote
a type of cell which lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
Meaning of eukaryote
has a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
organism that can synthesise their own food from organic materials by using light energy or chemical energy
Autotroph
Organism that obtain food molecules by eating other organisms
heterotroph
Prokaryote organism
- archaebacteria
- eubacteria
Eukaryote organism
- protista
- fungi
- plantae
- animalia
Condition of environment archaebacteria live in;
very hot, acidic or anaerobic environment
Three groups of archaebacteria
- methanogen ( found in swamps and digestive tract, produce methane )
- halophile ( extremely high salt concentration) [ Dead Sea]
- thermophile ( withstand high temperature, optimum temp: 60-80, hot spring and highly acidic environment) [Yellowstone National Park]
examples of archaebacteria
- sulfur-oxidisiing bacteria
- halobacterium salinarum
What is ‘true’ bacteria?
eubacteria
What is peptidoglycan? ( found in cell wall of eubacteria_
- murein
- a polymer made up of sugars and amino acids
Content of cytoplasm of the eubacteria
ribosome and plasmids only
example of eubacteria
- vibrio cholerae
- streptococcus pneumoniae
Does protista has specialised tissue
No
Three group of protista
- protozoa
- algae
- slime mould
example of protozoa
amoeba sp.
paramecium sp.
example of algae
- Chlamydomonas sp.
- Spirogyra sp.
example of slime mould
Physarum polycephalum
Cell wall of fungi made up of what?
chitin
what is the threadlike network of hyphae (body of fungi)
mycelium
Plantae synthesise own food via photosynthesis. What does it called?
photoautotroph
Linnaeus hierarchy system
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
3 rules of Binomial Nomenclature system
- first word: genus, second word: species
- First letter of genus is capitalised
- Printed in italics // underlined seperately(handwritten)
How dichotomous key function?
based on similarities and differences
- by using series of couplets
In situ conservation
- to maintains species in the natural habitat
- National parks , permanent forest reserves
Ex situ conservation
- to conserve species found outside their natural habitats
- zoos. botanical garden
3 types of biodiversity
genetic
ecosystem
species
What causes gene variation
- individual isolation
- adaptation to different environment
what is species richness and species evenness?
species richness: total number of species in a community
species evenness: species distribution in a community
State meaning of phylogeny
evolutionary history of a species or a group of organisms that are genetically linked
How phylogenic tree works?
by homologous structure
( structure that can be observed across multiple organisms that shared the same ancestor although the function are different)
Common ancestor of land plant
green algae
Function of plasmid ( bacteria)
to carry extra gene
Name the genetic materials in bacteria
- nucleoid
- in form of chromosomal threads(DNA)
- free-floating in cytoplasm
Basic shape of bacteria
coccus, vibrio, bacillus, spirillum
- coccus: sphere
- vibrio: comma
- bacillus: rod//cylinder
- spirillum: spiral
Classified lactobacillus sp,
bacteria
is protozoa uni or multicellular?
unicellular
How amoeba sp., paramecium sp., and euglena sp. move?
amoeba: pseudopodia(false feet)
paramecium: cilia
euglena: flagellum
Classified Chlamydomonas sp.
uni or multicellular
algae, unicellular
Classified fucus sp.
uni or multicellular
algae, multicellular
function of flagellum
to move in water
Fungi is heterotroph, state the two types
- parasites
- saprophytes
Is yeast uni or multicellular
unicellular
state one multicellular fungi
mucor sp.
where does fungi usually found?
- dark and moist place
- on decomposing or dead organisms
Why are virus not included in kingdom?
- they are not cellular organisms
- does not carry any lifespam
- they reproduce using living cells by injecting their genetic materials into the host cell
What virus made up of?
- nucleic acid(DNA or RNA)
- capsids made from protein
State few examples of virus
- tobacco mosaic virus
- T4 bacteriophage
- HIV ( Human immunodeficiency Virus)
4 ways of nitrogen gas from atmosphere to be converted into nitrate
- lightning
- industrial fertiliser
- nitrogen-fixing process
- ammonification
How nitrogen-fixing process carry out?
- Rhizobium sp. and Azotobacter sp. fix the nitrogen from atmosphere
- change it into ammonium ions, NH4+
Where does Rhizobium sp. live in?
in root nodules of legumes
Where does Azotobacter sp. live in?
It is free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria
How lightning work in nitrogen cycle?
- oxidise nitrogen into nitrogen dioxide,NO2
- dissolve in rainwater
- form nitrous acid and nitric acid
- form nitrate salts in soil
two industrial fertiliser
ammonium,NH4+
nitrate, NO3-
Explain ammonification
- animals or plants die
- decompose by bacteria and saprophytic fungi
- protein in body tissue is broken down into ammonium ions,NH4-
What is nitrification
- Ammonium ions,NH4+ is converted into nitrite ions,NO2-, by nitrosomonas sp.
- nitrite ions,NO2- is converted into nitrate ions,NO3-, by Nitrobacter sp.
function of Nitrosomonas sp. in nitrogen cycle
- for nitrification
- nitrifying bacteria
- to convert ammonium ions,NH4+ into nitrite ions,NO2-
function of Nitrobacter sp. in nitrogen cycle
- nitrifying bacteria
- to convert nitrite ions,NO2- into nitrate ions,NO3-
Explain denitrification process
denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates in the soil into nitrogen gas
How nitrate in soil is transferred into animal’s tissue?
- nitrates is absorb by roots of plants
- used to synthesise protein
- plant is eaten by animals
- nitrogen transferred into animal’s tissue
- animals die and nitrogen cycle formed
4 roles of organisms
- producer
- decomposer
- parasite
- symbiont
importance of phytoplankton
- as producer in food chain (aquatic ecosystem)
- floating on the surface of ponds, ocean and lakes
- ## carry out photosynthesis
Why is decomposer important to plants?
- decompose organic materials from dead organisms
- break down complex organic materials (animal waste) into simple compounds (ammonium)
- secrete digestive enzymes into decaying organic materials
- absorb the products (contain important element required by plants such as carbon, sulphur, and nitrogen)
- returned to the soil and absorbed by plants
What is parasitic relationship?
parasites benefit while host is harmed
The parasites live inside the female Anopheles mosquito
- Plasmodium sp.
- transmit malaria
- when people is bitten, the parasite will be transferred into his blood circulatory system
explain 2 types of symbionts
- ectosymbionts ( live inside the host)
- ectomycorrhiza, a fungi live around plant roots
- endosymbionts ( live outside the host)
- trichonympha sp. ,a protozoa live is alimentary canals of termites
What is pathogen?
an organism which causes diseases
What is vector?
organisms the transmit pathogen and cause certain disease
How people get cholerae
- Bacteria vibrio cholerae is spread by flies
- the food is contaminated
- the person consume it
How dengue virus transmitted?
by Aedes aegypti mosquito bites
How Salmonella typhi transmitted?
- by cockroaches
- through food and drinks`
what is the pathogen and symptoms of hepatitis B
virus
- inflammation
- swollen chest
- yellowish skin and eyes
what is the pathogen and symptoms of tuberculosis
Bacteria
- loss of weight
- coughing
- shortness of breathing
what is the pathogen and symptoms of dysentery
Protozoa
- stomach ache
- diarrhoea
- vomit
what is the pathogen and symptoms of tinea versicolour
Fungi
- whitish or pinkish patches on the skin
