C8: Biodiversity Flashcards
1
Q
Meaning of taxonomy
A
a field in biology which involves classification, identification, and naming of organisms in an organised manner
2
Q
System for classification
A
taxonomic hierarchy system
3
Q
system for identification
A
dichotomous key
4
Q
system for naming
A
binomial nomenclature system
LInnaeus Binomial System
5
Q
The six kingdom of organisms
A
- archaebacteria
- eubacteria
- protista
- fungi
- plantae
- animalia
6
Q
Meaning of prokayote
A
a type of cell which lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
7
Q
Meaning of eukaryote
A
has a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
8
Q
organism that can synthesise their own food from organic materials by using light energy or chemical energy
A
Autotroph
9
Q
Organism that obtain food molecules by eating other organisms
A
heterotroph
10
Q
Prokaryote organism
A
- archaebacteria
- eubacteria
11
Q
Eukaryote organism
A
- protista
- fungi
- plantae
- animalia
12
Q
Condition of environment archaebacteria live in;
A
very hot, acidic or anaerobic environment
13
Q
Three groups of archaebacteria
A
- methanogen ( found in swamps and digestive tract, produce methane )
- halophile ( extremely high salt concentration) [ Dead Sea]
- thermophile ( withstand high temperature, optimum temp: 60-80, hot spring and highly acidic environment) [Yellowstone National Park]
14
Q
examples of archaebacteria
A
- sulfur-oxidisiing bacteria
- halobacterium salinarum
15
Q
What is ‘true’ bacteria?
A
eubacteria
16
Q
What is peptidoglycan? ( found in cell wall of eubacteria_
A
- murein
- a polymer made up of sugars and amino acids
17
Q
Content of cytoplasm of the eubacteria
A
ribosome and plasmids only
18
Q
example of eubacteria
A
- vibrio cholerae
- streptococcus pneumoniae
19
Q
Does protista has specialised tissue
A
No
20
Q
Three group of protista
A
- protozoa
- algae
- slime mould
21
Q
example of protozoa
A
amoeba sp.
paramecium sp.
22
Q
example of algae
A
- Chlamydomonas sp.
- Spirogyra sp.
23
Q
example of slime mould
A
Physarum polycephalum
24
Q
Cell wall of fungi made up of what?
A
chitin
25
what is the threadlike network of hyphae (body of fungi)
mycelium
26
Plantae synthesise own food via photosynthesis. What does it called?
photoautotroph
27
Linnaeus hierarchy system
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
28
3 rules of Binomial Nomenclature system
1. first word: genus, second word: species
2. First letter of genus is capitalised
3. Printed in italics // underlined seperately(handwritten)
29
How dichotomous key function?
based on similarities and differences
| - by using series of couplets
30
In situ conservation
- to maintains species in the natural habitat
| - National parks , permanent forest reserves
31
Ex situ conservation
- to conserve species found outside their natural habitats
| - zoos. botanical garden
32
3 types of biodiversity
genetic
ecosystem
species
33
What causes gene variation
- individual isolation
| - adaptation to different environment
34
what is species richness and species evenness?
species richness: total number of species in a community
| species evenness: species distribution in a community
35
State meaning of phylogeny
evolutionary history of a species or a group of organisms that are genetically linked
36
How phylogenic tree works?
by homologous structure
( structure that can be observed across multiple organisms that shared the same ancestor although the function are different)
37
Common ancestor of land plant
green algae
38
Function of plasmid ( bacteria)
to carry extra gene
39
Name the genetic materials in bacteria
- nucleoid
- in form of chromosomal threads(DNA)
- free-floating in cytoplasm
40
Basic shape of bacteria
| coccus, vibrio, bacillus, spirillum
- coccus: sphere
- vibrio: comma
- bacillus: rod//cylinder
- spirillum: spiral
41
Classified lactobacillus sp,
bacteria
42
is protozoa uni or multicellular?
unicellular
43
How amoeba sp., paramecium sp., and euglena sp. move?
amoeba: pseudopodia(false feet)
paramecium: cilia
euglena: flagellum
44
Classified Chlamydomonas sp.
| uni or multicellular
algae, unicellular
45
Classified fucus sp.
| uni or multicellular
algae, multicellular
46
function of flagellum
to move in water
47
Fungi is heterotroph, state the two types
- parasites
| - saprophytes
48
Is yeast uni or multicellular
unicellular
49
state one multicellular fungi
mucor sp.
50
where does fungi usually found?
- dark and moist place
| - on decomposing or dead organisms
51
Why are virus not included in kingdom?
- they are not cellular organisms
- does not carry any lifespam
- they reproduce using living cells by injecting their genetic materials into the host cell
52
What virus made up of?
- nucleic acid(DNA or RNA)
| - capsids made from protein
53
State few examples of virus
- tobacco mosaic virus
- T4 bacteriophage
- HIV ( Human immunodeficiency Virus)
54
4 ways of nitrogen gas from atmosphere to be converted into nitrate
- lightning
- industrial fertiliser
- nitrogen-fixing process
- ammonification
55
How nitrogen-fixing process carry out?
- Rhizobium sp. and Azotobacter sp. fix the nitrogen from atmosphere
- change it into ammonium ions, NH4+
56
Where does Rhizobium sp. live in?
in root nodules of legumes
57
Where does Azotobacter sp. live in?
It is free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria
58
How lightning work in nitrogen cycle?
- oxidise nitrogen into nitrogen dioxide,NO2
- dissolve in rainwater
- form nitrous acid and nitric acid
- form nitrate salts in soil
59
two industrial fertiliser
ammonium,NH4+
| nitrate, NO3-
60
Explain ammonification
- animals or plants die
- decompose by bacteria and saprophytic fungi
- protein in body tissue is broken down into ammonium ions,NH4-
61
What is nitrification
- Ammonium ions,NH4+ is converted into nitrite ions,NO2-, by nitrosomonas sp.
- nitrite ions,NO2- is converted into nitrate ions,NO3-, by Nitrobacter sp.
62
function of Nitrosomonas sp. in nitrogen cycle
- for nitrification
- nitrifying bacteria
- to convert ammonium ions,NH4+ into nitrite ions,NO2-
63
function of Nitrobacter sp. in nitrogen cycle
- nitrifying bacteria
| - to convert nitrite ions,NO2- into nitrate ions,NO3-
64
Explain denitrification process
denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates in the soil into nitrogen gas
65
How nitrate in soil is transferred into animal's tissue?
- nitrates is absorb by roots of plants
- used to synthesise protein
- plant is eaten by animals
- nitrogen transferred into animal's tissue
- animals die and nitrogen cycle formed
66
4 roles of organisms
- producer
- decomposer
- parasite
- symbiont
67
importance of phytoplankton
- as producer in food chain (aquatic ecosystem)
- floating on the surface of ponds, ocean and lakes
- carry out photosynthesis
-
68
Why is decomposer important to plants?
- decompose organic materials from dead organisms
- break down complex organic materials (animal waste) into simple compounds (ammonium)
- secrete digestive enzymes into decaying organic materials
- absorb the products (contain important element required by plants such as carbon, sulphur, and nitrogen)
- returned to the soil and absorbed by plants
69
What is parasitic relationship?
parasites benefit while host is harmed
70
The parasites live inside the female Anopheles mosquito
- Plasmodium sp.
- transmit malaria
- when people is bitten, the parasite will be transferred into his blood circulatory system
71
explain 2 types of symbionts
- ectosymbionts ( live inside the host)
- ectomycorrhiza, a fungi live around plant roots
- endosymbionts ( live outside the host)
- trichonympha sp. ,a protozoa live is alimentary canals of termites
72
What is pathogen?
an organism which causes diseases
73
What is vector?
organisms the transmit pathogen and cause certain disease
74
How people get cholerae
- Bacteria vibrio cholerae is spread by flies
- the food is contaminated
- the person consume it
75
How dengue virus transmitted?
by Aedes aegypti mosquito bites
76
How Salmonella typhi transmitted?
- by cockroaches
| - through food and drinks`
77
what is the pathogen and symptoms of hepatitis B
virus
- inflammation
- swollen chest
- yellowish skin and eyes
78
what is the pathogen and symptoms of tuberculosis
Bacteria
- loss of weight
- coughing
- shortness of breathing
79
what is the pathogen and symptoms of dysentery
Protozoa
- stomach ache
- diarrhoea
- vomit
80
what is the pathogen and symptoms of tinea versicolour
Fungi
| - whitish or pinkish patches on the skin
