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F5 Biology > C11: Inheritance > Flashcards

C11: Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is monohybrid inheritance

A

involves inheritance of one characteristic and contrasting traits controlled by a gene

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2
Q

who is father of modern genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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3
Q

how purebreed pea plants are produced

A

by self-cross plant which have similar traits in terms of genetic contents

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4
Q

why did mendel chose to use the pea plant

A
  • can be easily grown and bears many seedlings
  • has both male and female reproductive structure
  • has short generation intervals
  • has obvious characteristic
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5
Q

define gene

A

basic unit of inheritance which consist DNA segment located in specific locus of a chromosome

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6
Q

define allele

A

alternative form of gene for a specific trait that is located in a same locus of a pair of homologous chromosome

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7
Q

what is diff between characteristic and trait

A
  • characteristic: heritable features

- trait: variation of specific characteristic

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8
Q

define genotype and phenotype

A
  • Phenotype: observable characteristic
  • height
  • Genotype: genetic composition which cannot be seen
  • TT and Tt (genotype for tall)
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9
Q

contrast homozygote and heterozygote

A
  • homozygote: both alleles at loci are the same

- heterozygote: alleles at loci are different

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10
Q

what is parental and filial generation

A
  • parental: first generation of two individuals which are mated to predict or analyse genotype of their offspring
  • filial: a successive generation in a result of mating purebreed parental generation
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11
Q

Bb x Bb

A
  • phenotype: 3:1

- genotype: 1:2:1

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12
Q

BB x bb

A

all same

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13
Q

RrTt x RrTt

A
  • phenotype: 9:3:3:1
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14
Q

RrTt x rrtt

A
  • phenotype: 1:1:1:1
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15
Q

Define Mendel’s First Law (Law of Segregation)

A

a characteristic of an organism is controlled by a pair of alleles, only one pair of allele of allelic pair is inherited in a gamate

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16
Q

state homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous genotype

A
  • HD: TT
  • HR: tt
  • HG: Tt
17
Q

Define dihybrid inheritance

A

inheritance of two characteristics which controlled by different gene located at different locus.

18
Q

Define Mendel’s Second Law (Law of Independent Assortment)

A

During gamete formation, each allele from a pair of alleles can combine with another allele from another pair of alleles

19
Q

autosome

A
  • chromosome pairs from number 1 to 22
  • to control characteristic of somatic cells
  • height, blood type, skin colour
20
Q

sex chromosome

A
  • chromosome pairs number 23
  • consist of genes which determine gender
  • XX (female) , XY (male)
21
Q

what is karyotype

A

the number and structure the chromosomes present in a cell nucleus

22
Q

how do chromosomes to be arranged

A

based on

  • sizes
  • centromere locations
  • banding pattern
23
Q

How nondisjunction occur

A
  • changes in number of total chromosome
  • due to failure of homologous chromosome to separate during anaphase 1
  • or sister chromatids to separate during anaphase 2
24
Q

3 diseases caused by nondisjunction of chromosome

A
  • Down Syndrome
  • Turner Syndrome
  • Klinefelter Syndrome
25
Q

Explain down syndrome

A
  • 47 chromosomes
  • 45+XY
  • extra chromosomes for pair 21
  • trisomy 21
26
Q

explain turner syndrome

A
  • 45 chromosome
  • 45+XO
  • missing Y chromosome
  • female
27
Q

explain klinefelter syndrome

A
  • 47 chromosomes
  • 44+XXY
  • extra X
  • male
  • secondary sex characteristics are not well-developed
28
Q

state the dominant and recessive allele in blood group

A

dominant: IA , IB
recessive: IO
codominant: IAIB (AB blood group genotype)

29
Q

what allele in blood group gene determine

A

the type of antigens present on surface membrane of red blood cells

30
Q

a child has rhesus factors. who cause that

A
  • father
31
Q

what cause thalassemia

A
  • gene mutation on chromosome 11 or 16
  • due to abnormality and low number of haemoglobin
  • smaller and paler red blood cells
32
Q

symptoms of thalassemia

A
  • tiredness
  • paleness
  • breathing difficulty
  • changes in facial bone formation (3-18months)
33
Q

what is sex-linked genes

A

the genes located in sex chromosomes which control specific characteristic but not sex determination.

34
Q

why do traits in males are observed in X chromosome

A
  • Y chromosome is shorter than X

- does not contain as many alleles as X

35
Q

what cause colour blindness

A

recessive allele found in the X chromosome

- most are males

36
Q

what cause haemophilia

A
  • recessive allele in X chromosome
37
Q

what can be shown in family pedigree

A
  • ancestral relationship

- inheritance of characteristic

38
Q

function of Punnett square

A
  • to predict the ratios and probabilities of genotype and phenotype of offsprings

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