C8 Developmental transitions AOS1

Question 1

Describe emotional development for infancy

Answer 1

Development of trust, security, and basic optimism but negative experiences may cause a child to become insecure and mistrustful.

Question 2

Describe emotional development for childhood

Answer 2

Broadening of skills through active play and motivation for other achievements occurs through achievements and recognising abilities. Children develop coping strategies for problem-solving and stress tolerance.

Question 3

Describe emotional development for youth

Answer 3

Youth learn how the answer ‘Who am I?’ questions and experiment with self-doubt. Individuals’ friendships have a new emphasis on intimacy and loyalty but an increase in conformity due to peer pressure.

Question 4

Describe emotional development for adulthood

Answer 4

Development of self-concept. Greater control and coping mechanisms are developed for the emotional stresses of adulthood responsibilities and commitments (e.g., career prospects and intimate relationships).

Question 5

Growth spurt

Answer 5

The release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland causes the body to experience a major growth spurt by increasing number and size of cells.

Question 6

Puberty

Answer 6

When the pituitary gland releases growth hormone (GH) during which significant changes to the way an individual’s body structure and function occur in terms of skeletal and sexual maturation. Puberty signifies the end of childhood.

Question 7

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 7

Released during a growth spurt which enables the body to grow larger by increasing the number and size of cells.

Question 8

Describe physical development in childhood

Answer 8

Growth (in height and weight) remains slow and steady until a growth spurt at puberty

Arms grow longer and trunk gets thinner (losing ‘baby fat’)

Question 9

Describe intellectual development in childhood

Answer 9

Speak complex sentences, by joining smaller sentences together

Can concentrate for longer periods of time

Question 10

Describe emotional development in childhood

Answer 10

Separation anxiety is not as prominent (can tolerate absence of familiar adults)

Learning coping strategies to manage emotions

Question 11

Describe social development in childhood

Answer 11

Begin to try and please other children

Preparing for the transition to adolescence

Question 12

Milestone 1 (social development)

Answer 12

Expanding social world – different and new friendships

For example community, church, school, sport and the use of social media and interactive technologies.

Question 13

Milestone 2 (social development)

Answer 13

Initiation of romantic relationships

Question 14

Milestone 3 (social development)

Answer 14

Peer group becomes influential as role models

Youth start to shift away from family and seeking parental advice first and source advice outside of the family but still strive to identify with family.

Question 15

Milestone 4 (social development)

Answer 15

Social conformity

Conformity in social situations becomes more prevalent for youth which results in them engaging in activities that they usually wouldn’t otherwise because of peer pressure. Positive peer relationships in youth are linked to positive peer relationships in early adulthood but concern for acceptance is at its peak.

Question 16

Thinking patterns (intellectual development)

Answer 16

Questioning accepted rules, beliefs, values

Able to reflect on the past and plan for the future

Question 17

Reasoning skills (intellectual development)

Answer 17

Able to reason about ideas such as love, justice, and religion

Now aware that not everyone thinks in the same way they do or believes the same things they do

Question 18

Language (intellectual development)

Answer 18

Able to understand metaphors

Knowledge of language and the way it can be used

Question 19

Knowledge (intellectual development)

Answer 19

Development of creativity and imagination can lead to interest and innovation in areas of interest

Intellectual development builds the foundation for moral reasoning

Question 20

Morals (intellectual development)

Answer 20

Development regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in the interactions

Observing altruistic and caring behaviours and engaging with other people’s perspectives

Question 21

Attention (intellectual development)

Answer 21

Able to divide attention between tasks

Question 22

Primary sexual characteristics in males

Answer 22

The growth of reproductive organs occurs two years after the onset of puberty. The first sign is the enlargement of the testes and a thinning and reddening of the scrotum. Another sign is the growth of the penis and the growth of the internal sex organs.

Question 23

Primary sexual characteristics in females

Answer 23

The pituitary gland will produce luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which together stimulate the production of the sex hormones by the ovaries. The first period (menarche) results from the development of the ovaries to the point that they can produce female sex hormones.

Question 24

Oestrogen

Answer 24

The female sex hormone that is responsible for sexual development. Stimulates breast development and triggers maturation of the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes.

Question 25

Progesterone

Answer 25

The female sex hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle.

Question 26

Testostorone

Answer 26

The principal male sex hormone.

Question 27

Primary sexual characteristics

Answer 27

Characteristics that develop during puberty that are related to the development of the sex organs and reproductive system of males and females, enabling them to reproduce.

Question 28

Secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 28

Changes that make males and females look like mature men and women often these developments change the contour and shape of the body. They develop during puberty that indicate sexual maturity but are not related to a person’s ability to reproduce.

Question 29

Secondary sexual characteristics in males

Answer 29

Develop larger skeletal muscles and greater heart and lung capacities

The larynx lengthens and becomes larger causing the voice to ‘break’ and become deeper

Appearance of pubic hair, hair under the arms and on the face

Question 30

Secondary sexual characteristics in females

Answer 30

Deposition of fat around the stomach, hips, buttocks, and legs to ensure adequate support and protection for a foetus

Increase in the width of the hips (Q angle) due to the release of female sex hormones that trigger the growth of the pelvic bones

Breast development

Question 31

List the 4 developmental tasks associated with transition from youth to adulthood

Answer 31

Establishing a good set of friendships, forming a secure and positive identity, breaking emotional bonds with parents and achieving independence, and setting career goals.

Question 32

Respiration in infancy

Answer 32

During pregnancy (before birth), the placenta is used for oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal, the lungs are full of amniotic fluid and therefore unable to provide oxygen. After delivery, the fluid in the lungs is squeezed out so that when the infant takes its first breath its lungs can inflate and the excess fluid is absorbed by the body.

Question 33

Circulation during infancy

Answer 33

During pregnancy (before birth), the placenta fulfils the role of lungs and liver. After delivery the lungs inflate and there is an increase in blood supply to the lungs and the opening between the left and right side of the heart is closed causing a change in blood flow through the heart.

Question 34

Digestion and removal of waste

Answer 34

During pregnancy (before birth), vital nutrients come from the placenta and waste products were removed from the foetus via the placenta with the kidneys beginning to contribute. After delivery, it must adapt to drinking and digesting milk, the lungs excrete carbon dioxide from the body, the kidneys purify the blood and the baby passes urine and they will have their first bowel movement (meconium).

Question 35

Temperature control

Answer 35

During pregnancy (before birth), the amniotic fluid helped to keep the womb at a constant temperature. After delivery, their body temperature drops due to wet skin, and low-fat stores. Fat is deposited under the skin in the later weeks of pregnancy to allow the foetus to adapt to the colder temperatures after birth.

Question 36

Ovulation

Answer 36

The woman’s body releases oestrogen which causes the lining of the woman’s uterus (endometrium) to thicken. Levels of progesterone rise which prepare the uterus to support a fertilised egg. The ovaries ripen the ova (the egg) in fluid sacs called follicles. When oestrogen levels are high enough, the ovum is swept into the fallopian tube and the egg can survive between 12-24 hours as it travels toward the uterus.

Question 37

Fertilisation

Answer 37

During sexual intercourse, sperm are deposited into the vagina and swim towards the fallopian tubes. If an ovum is present, any sperm that reach it will compete to break through the egg’s membrane. Fertilisation occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum and the genetic materials fuse together to make a single cell.

Question 38

Germinal stage (0-2 weeks)

Answer 38

The zygote travels down the fallopian tubes while constantly dividing. Around 3-4 days after fertilisation it takes on a spherical shape and is now known as a morula. On day 5 the morula transforms to include an outer cell mass, an inner cell mass and a fluid-filled centre known as blastocyst. The inner cell mass will become the embryo, the outer cell mass will become the placenta and when it reaches the uterus it becomes the embryo.

Question 39

Embryonic stage (3-8 weeks)

Answer 39

Cells start to take on specialised roles (e.g. heart, skin, bones) therefore this stage is most critical for development. Many of the internal bodily systems required for life have begun to develop and form (e.g. the brain and spinal cord are almost complete by the end). Bones replace cartilage, and limbs emerge from the torso including fingers and toes.

Question 40

Foetal stage (9-38 weeks)

Answer 40

Characterised by rapid growth all body systems formed in the embryonic stage mature and function in the foetal stage. By week 14 the placenta is fully developed and functioning, sex organs start taking shape, and the foetus displays breathing movement. The senses begin to function around 25 weeks and the foetus may respond to light, sound and touch and at 28 weeks most babies are likely to survive.

Question 41

Teratogen

Answer 41

Anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause defects in development (e.g. tobacco, smoke, alcohol consumptions etc).