C10 Responsible parenting AOS1

Question 1

How do the role of parents, carers, and the family environment in determining the optimal development of children?

Answer 1

Things learned indirectly or directly through their physical, social, emotional and intellectual development lay the foundation for future health, wellbeing and development.

Question 2

How do early life experiences impact on future health and development?

Answer 2

The information and habits learned in childhood impact the choices individuals make in later life. For example, eating patterns established in early years can set up healthy eating habits for life. If children develop poor eating habits that include snacking on energy-dense foods, skipping meals and not eating enough vegetables, it can affect the nutrients they provide for their body.

Question 3

Describe the intergenerational nature of health and wellbeing

Answer 3

“Intergenerational health” merely refers to an interfamilial concept, with parents and grandparents influencing their descendants’ health. Even as life and society have changed the advice from older generations has typically continued to be passed from carer, parent, or grandparents to child.

Question 4

Smoking during pregnancy

Answer 4

Tobacco smoking reduces the oxygen supply and blood flow to the foetus via the placenta, nicotine increases the foetus’s heart rate and reduces the movements that it is practising to assist it to breathe after birth.

Question 5

Drinking during pregnancy

Answer 5

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can lead to low birth weight, damage to the baby’s central nervous system causing mental retardation, it increases the risk of miscarriage, and facial abnormalities.

Question 6

Drug use during pregnancy (caffeine)

Answer 6

Heavy caffeine intake can reduce blood flow to the placenta and lead to low birthweight.

Question 7

Drug use during pregnancy (over the counter drugs, vitamins)

Answer 7

Some vitamins, and over the counter drugs can be harmful (e.g. antihistamines and pain relief medications) therefore if supplements are required specialised pregnancy vitamin should be used.

Question 8

Drug use during pregnancy (illicit drugs)

Answer 8

Illicit drugs use like cannabis has similar effects to tobacco as it leads to a reduction of oxygen and nutrients through the placenta. Women who use heroine during pregnancy pass it on to their baby via the placenta therefore the baby can experience withdrawal symptoms which increased risk of miscarriage, early labour, or stillbirth.

Question 9

Drug use during pregnancy (sharing injection equiptment)

Answer 9

Sharing injection equipment increases the risk of contracting blood-borne viruses such as HIV and hepatitis C that can be passed onto the baby.

Question 10

List the risk factors related to prenatal development

Answer 10

Smoking, drinking alcohol, using drugs during pregnancy, and prenatal health and disability;

Question 11

Prenatal health and disability

Answer 11

Women with pre-existing conditions are exposed to additional risks that may pose a threat to their health and wellbeing and that of their baby. For example, being obese during pregnancy increases morbidity and mortality of the baby and the mother.

Question 12

List the protective factors for prenatal development

Answer 12

Vaccines, maternal diet, prental income, education, and access to healthcare;

Question 13

Vaccines

Answer 13

Protects women and her unborn child from infectious diseases (e.g. chickenpox, influenza, rubella etc). For example, chickenpox may cause defects in the brain, eyes, and skin if it occurs early in pregnancy and having chickenpox in the last days of pregnancy can increase neonatal mortality.

Question 14

Maternal diet

Answer 14

A good diet can help to improve the physical condition of the mothers body and prepare it to support a new life. Consuming a well-balanced diet during pregnancy is essential to meet their own nutritional needs and those of their baby. For example folate is a b-group vitamin that protects against neural tube defects (e.g. spina bifida) during foetal development.

Question 15

Parental income

Answer 15

Higher-income increases access to goods and services such as nutritious food and healthcare. For example, women living in the highest SES areas tend to have their first antenatal visit earlier in pregnancy than those in lower SES areas.

Question 16

Parental education

Answer 16

Parents who have attained higher levels of education will have the knowledge and skills to make healthier choices for themselves during pregnancy and for their unborn babies. Women with a higher level of education might be more likely to consume adequate levels of folate and iodine, and less likely to drink alcohol or smoke during their pregnancies.

Question 17

Parental access to healthcare

Answer 17

Healthcare may provide advice on nutrition and immunisation prior to pregnancy, and during pregnancy may provide further advice on maternal nutrition and monitor the health of the mother, such as her blood pressure, blood glucose levels and weight gain.

Question 18

Health

Answer 18

A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.

Question 19

Wellbeing

Answer 19

A complex combination of all dimensions of health characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable, and engaged.

Question 20

Physical HWB

Answer 20

Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems. Physical health and well-being are supported by factors such as regular physical activity, consumption of a balanced diet, having appropriate rest and sleep, maintaining ideal body weight, and the absence of illness, disease, or injury.

Question 21

Mental HWB

Answer 21

Is the current state of well-being relating to the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information. A mentally healthy brain enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic. Mental health and wellbeing are associated with low levels of stress and anxiety, positive self-esteem, as well as a sense of confidence and optimism.

Question 22

Spiritual HWB

Answer 22

Not material in nature but relates to ideas, beliefs, values, and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world.