C8 Developmental transitions AOS1

Question 1

Developmental milestone

Answer 1

A task, undertaking or event that is expected to be achieved in order to successfully progress to a further level of development.

Question 2

Prenatal

Answer 2

Begins at fertilisation and ends with the birth of a baby. It is the most rapid period of growth during the lifespan and lasts 40 weeks. Development occurs from proximal to distal and involved 3 stages (germinal, embryonic, and foetal).

Question 3

Example (s) of prenatal development

Answer 3

Growth and development of all major organs

Question 4

Infancy

Answer 4

Begins at birth and ends at 18 months old. Infancy results in the child doubling in size by their first birthday and adapting its body functions to the external environment.

Question 5

Example (s) of infant development

Answer 5

Developing the grasping reflex, learning to, crawl, walk, and communicate by forming noises and then words.

Question 6

Toddlerhood

Answer 6

Begins when an infant turns 18 months and ends at 3 years of age. This stage is characterized by very evident physical development.

Question 7

Example (s) of toddlerhood development

Answer 7

Social interactions begin through the use of words and imitation of gestures and learning through play-imagination develops.

Question 8

Childhood

Answer 8

Begins when an individual turns three and concludes at 12 years of age and it is when physical growth slows down at a steady rate while children develop their motor skills.

Question 9

Example (s) of childhood development

Answer 9

Increased vocabulary, more sophisticated use of language and expression, and learning basic social, emotional, and physical skills.

Question 10

Youth

Answer 10

Begins at 12 and ends at 18 years of age and marks the achievement of complete physical, and sexual maturation, and detachment from parents.

Question 11

Example (s) of youth development

Answer 11

Academic and personal success increases self-concept and self-esteem, development of abstract thinking and learning to consider the thoughts and opinions of others.

Question 12

Early adulthood

Answer 12

Begins when a person turns 18 and ends when they turn 39 years old. Early adulthood is marked by the peak of physical development, after which a decline in physical abilities may occur.

Question 13

Example (s) of early adulthood development

Answer 13

The formation of permanent intimate relationships, the establishment of a new family, and increased self-esteem from career success.

Question 14

Middle adulthood

Answer 14

Begins when an individual is turning 40 and ends when they reach 64 and is a stage characterised by more pronounced aging, the decline in muscle strength and sensory organs.

Question 15

Example (s) of middle adulthood development

Answer 15

Greying of hair and increase in wrinkles, the commencement of menopause in women and a reduction in sperm count in men.

Question 16

Late adulthood

Answer 16

Beginning at 65 and ending with death the final stage of the lifespan is characterised by the decline in the body’s ability to function efficiently.

Question 17

Example (s) of late adulthood development

Answer 17

The decrease in muscle tone leads to mobility issues, digestion, and elimination of waste. The ability to absorb calcium decreases impacted self-esteem and self-concept due to a decline in quality of health.

Question 18

Principle 1

Answer 18

Development occurs in an orderly and predictable way

The order in which we develop specific milestones follows a predictable pattern. Development occurs in the order from general to specific and from simple to complex. The cephalocaudal and proximodistal laws of development predict the orderly and predictable pattern of development.

Question 19

Principle 2

Answer 19

Development is continual

Development occurs from conception all the way up to a human’s death therefore development requires change because humans continue to change across the lifespan, and development continues to occur. The body is constantly making new cells and so development is constantly occurring.

Question 20

Principle 3

Answer 20

There are individual variations in the rate and timing of development

Development is orderly and predictable, however, no two people achieve developmental milestones at the exact same point in their lifespan.

Question 21

Principle 4

Answer 21

Development requires change

Development is linked to change so if an individual is not changing they are not developing. Developmental change can be visible, physical development, and learning changes (e.g. intellectual, emotional, and social development).

Question 22

Principle 5

Answer 22

Early development is essential for later development

One stage of development lays the foundation for the next stage of development therefore development in the early years of life forms the building blocks for further development (e.g. a child needs to be able to hold a pencil before they can write).

Question 23

Principle 6

Answer 23

Development involves maturation and learning

Maturation and learning is the journey an individual takes to reach their full genetic potential. Maturation refers to a sequential change in biological growth and development (i.e. a programmed pattern) and learning is influenced by the experiences we are exposed to and the acquisition of behaviours and skills through interaction with the environment.

Question 24

Human lifespan

Answer 24

A series of orderly and predictable stages that entails unique developmental milestones.

Question 25

Growth

Answer 25

The quantifiable or measurable changes that are mainly due to an increase in the number, size, and complexity of the body’s cells (e.g. height, weight, and body mass).

Question 26

Development

Answer 26

The qualitative, gradual and permanent changes in an individual’s physical, social, emotional and intellectual states and abilities.

Question 27

Physical development

Answer 27

The changes that relate to people’s size and shape, and therefore body structure including tissue make-up (muscle-to-fat-ratio), skeletal growth and hormone production etc. Physical development includes changes in physical abilities or motor development.

Question 28

Motor skills

Answer 28

The ability to move, through the utilisation of skeletal muscles, and gaining and exercising control over large and small muscles of the body.

Question 29

Reflex

Answer 29

An involuntary action.

Question 30

Gross motor skills

Answer 30

The ability to control the movements of larger muscle groups within the body to carry out activities that require them. Muscles should act in a coordinated series of movements (e.g., walking, running, jumping etc).

Question 31

Fine motor skills

Answer 31

The ability to control the movement of smaller muscle groups within the body to achieve a particularly delicate task (e.g., transfer objects from hand to hand, writing, sewing, drawing etc).

Question 32

Norm

Answer 32

A standard, model or pattern generally regarded as typical.

Question 33

Social development

Answer 33

The increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people, in addition, to learning to display appropriate behaviours to enable an individual to interact fully with others.

Question 34

Emotional development

Answer 34

Refers to feelings and moods, and the ways in which people learn to express, understand, and exercise control over them.

Question 35

Emotions

Answer 35

Reactions of a person to a situation that invokes feelings expressed facially, or through physical movements (e.g., examples of emotions include sadness, happiness, disgust etc).

Question 36

Self-esteem

Answer 36

How we feel about our own abilites or how we value ourselves (self-worth).

Question 37

Self-concept

Answer 37

The idea individuals have of themselves, who they are, who they want to be, what they value and what they believe others think of them.

Question 38

Socializing

Answer 38

The process by which a person learns to live with others and also learns appropriate patterns of behaviour and thought through acquiring values, and attitudes.

Question 39

List a gross and fine motor skill for infants

Answer 39

Gross: Sits without support, or crawls Fine: Reaches, grasps, puts objects in mouth

Question 40

List a gross and fine motor skill for early childhood

Answer 40

Gross: Walks alone, hops, skips, or jumps Fine: Holds crayon with thumb and finger rather than with a fist

Question 41

List a gross and fine motor skill for late childhood

Answer 41

Gross: Balances on a beam or board Fine: Uses a computer mouse to control a cursor

Question 42

List a gross and fine motor skill for youth

Answer 42

Gross: Increases ability to catch and throw accurately Fine: Performs very complex hand movements (e.g. playing a musical instrument)

Question 43

What is puberty triggered by?

Answer 43

The release of hormones controlled by the endocrine system.

Question 44

List the three changes that occur during youth

Answer 44

Growth spurt, primary and secondary sexual characteristics.