C7 Flashcards
is the study of the vital
life processes of organisms
Physiology
concerns the vital life processes of
microorganisms.
Microbial Physiology
All living protoplasm contains six major chemical elements
C, H, O, N, S, and P.
unable to synthesize by organisms but required for building macromolecules and sustaining life.
Essential Nutrients
use carbon dioxide (CO2) as
their sole source of carbon.
Autotrophs
Carbon Source
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
use organic compounds
other than CO2 as carbon sources.
Heterotrophs
use light as an energy source
and CO2 as a carbon source
Photoautotrophs
use light as an energy
source and organic compounds other than CO2 as a carbon source
Photoheterotrophs
use chemicals as an
energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.
Chemoautotrophs
use chemicals as an
energy source and organic compounds other than CO2 as a carbon source
Chemoheterotroph
is the study of the interactions
between living organisms and the world around them.
Ecology
interactions between living
organisms and their nonliving environment
Ecosystem
among the different
nutritional types are of prime importance in the functioning of the ecosystem
Interrelationships
all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.
–are enhanced and regulated by enzymes
known as metabolic enzymes
Metabolic Reactions
are proteins that either cause a
chemical reaction to occur or
accelerate it.
Biologic Catalysts (Enzymes)
produced within a cell
that remain within the cell to catalyze
reactions
Endoenzymes
released outside the cell to
catalyze extracellular reactions
Exoenzymes
Factors That Affect the Efficiency of Enzymes
–pH range
–Temperature
–Enzyme/Substrate Concentration
–Presence of Inhibitors
any molecule that is a
nutrient, an intermediary product, or
an end product in a metabolic reaction.
Metabolite
breakdown of complex
molecules into simpler ones to release energy
Catabolism
synthesis of complex molecules
from simpler ones using energy.
Anabolism
release energy (breaking bonds)
and are a cell’s major source of
energy.
–Some energy is lost as heat
Catabolism
series of linked biochemical
reactions, from a starting
material to a product.
Biochemical Pathways
anaerobic process that converts
(pyruvate), to ethanol or lactic acid,
releasing energy.
Fermentation
is the study of heredity
Genetics
is its complete collection
of genes.
Genotype (genome)
refers to its physical traits
Phenotype
ability to absorb naked DNA
into the cell
Competence
bacteria capable of
absorbing naked DNA.
–Competent Bacteria
This involves a specialized type of pilus
called a sex pilus.
Conjugation
Insertion of a normal gene into cells to
correct a specific genetic disorder caused
by a defective gene.
Gene Therapy
